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Astronauts Astronaut Statistics. The right stuff - Who's flown the most hours in space? Who's the fastest man alive? Your Flight Has Been Cancelled..... Is what might have been better than what was? Women of Space. Links to the biographies of female conquerors of space! Women of Space - Those That Have Trained for Spaceflight But Not Flown. Those women who were selected as astronauts or cosmonauts but did not yet reach space... Spaced Out. Spaceflight is dangerous and unforgiving, which is all the more reason for the astronauts to seek relief in humour... Manned Space Firsts. Who did what when ? -- a list of manned space firsts... The Hard Road to Space. One third of manned spaceflights suffer major problems that threaten completion of the mission and the life of the astronauts. Five crews - 2% of missions - have perished in their spacecraft....SPACEFLIGHT IS NOT 'ROUTINE'. Geezers in Space!. The first private citizen in space was also the oldest pilot... coincidence? Contacting Astronauts and Cosmonauts. Leads on getting in touch with astronauts. So You Want to Be An Astronaut? - Best Cities to Be From!. Some cities seem to produce more astronauts than there share... Chinese Space China. The amazing history of rocket and space development in China. Shenzhou 6 FAQ!. Quick facts on the Shenzhou 6 mission. Shenzhou - Divine Military Vessel. As the first Chinese astronauts rocket into orbit, their main concern will be completion of an ambitious programme of military experiments. Shenzhou-5 - Quick Facts. Trivia and quick facts about the Shenzhou manned spacecraft Countdown to the Launch of Shenzhou-5. Log of events and links to information on China's first manned spaceflight Chinese Manned Space Program: Behind Closed Doors. Ed Grondine's account of China's 'Long March' to an independent manned space capability. China's Space Activities. The official short and long range plan for the Chinese Space Program as of November 2000. Inspirational High Flight. If the Sun Dies. Ray Bradbury's peroration to spaceflight as recounted by Oriana Fallaci. Stars My Destination. James Oberg Corner Max Faget: Master Builder. James Oberg's tribute to the 'American Korolev'... Skylab's Untimely Fate. James Oberg tells the sad story of how the United States abandoned the largest space station ever built and spent a quarter century trying to regain the capability. Trouble In Star City. James Oberg's prescient account of the beginning of the end - or the end of the beginning - of the Soviet space industry Russia's Space Program: Running On Empty. James Oberg's grim account of the fate of the Russian space program Inside Baikonur. James Oberg's account of a visit to the long-secret Baikonur cosmodrome. Phantoms of Space. James Oberg's classic debunking of all those 'dead cosmonaut' stories. The Nedelin Catastrophe. James Oberg's classic account of the greatest disaster in space history. Celebrating Gagarin's Anniversary. James Oberg remembers Yuri Soviet Space Secrets. James Oberg lists those secrets remaining to be disclosed... Giant UFO Over Two Continents. James Oberg's classic piece, reissued on the 20th anniversary of the Soviet rocket launch that sparked UFO panics in Russia and South America Lunar Alternates Project Horizon. The project summary of the US Army's 1959 plan to place a military base on the moon by 1965! Lunex. In May 1961, just as Kennedy had decided that NASA should put an American on the moon, the US Air Force released a secret report, summarising the result of years of planning to place a military base on the moon by 1967. By Gemini to the Moon!. The Gusmobile might have gotten on the moon faster, quicker, cheaper (but not better...) Missiles Treaty - Outer Space. The text of the Outer Space Treaty, which prohibited deployment of nuclear weapons in space. Treaty - SALT 1. The text of the SALT-1 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, which stopped the growth in US/Soviet intercontinental-range nuclear weapons arsenals Treaty - ABM. The text of the ABM Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, which limited deployment of anti-ballistic missile systems to two sites in each country. Treaty - SALT 2. The text of the SALT-2 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, which cut back the US/Soviet intercontinental-range nuclear weapons arsenals Treaty - INF. The text of the Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty, which banned intermediate-range nuclear weapons in Europe. Treaty - Start 1. The text of the START-1 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, which further cut back the US/Soviet intercontinental-range nuclear weapons arsenals Treaty - Start 2. The text of the START-2 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, which further cut back the US/Soviet intercontinental-range nuclear weapons arsenals none Chronology Index. Index of Chronology Obsolete Flight into the Future Project Contest. Korolev, Chelomei, and Glushko - A Work In Progress. Unfinished story on the struggle between the Russian chief designers. SOYUZ!. Out-of-date article -the development of the Soyuz spacecraft, as known in 1987. Energia!. Out of date article on development of Energia launch vehicle (ca. 1988). Rocketry Cost, Price, and the Whole Darn Thing. Why the cost of a space launch vehicle has little if any relation to the launch price. German Diaspora. German Civilian Rocketry. A Brief History of the HARP Project. Richard K Graf's account of the Canadian 1960's project to launch satellites from a 16 inch gun... The Wrong Stuff - A Catalogue of Launch Vehicle Failures. The hard road to space... A Rocket a Day Keeps the High Costs Away. John Walker's classic 'modest proposal' to reduce launch costs. Beyond the Vapor Trails. Don Estabrook's contemporary account of operating the V-2 from White Sands. Engine Specifications - Definition of Terms. What do all those technical terms mean? Black Powder Solid Propellants. The detailed chemistry and development of black powder propellants by Andre Bedard. Composite Solid Propellants. The detailed chemistry and development of composite solid propellants by Andre Bedard. Double Base Solid Propellants. The detailed chemistry and development of double base propellants by Andre Bedard. Solid Propellant Tables. Solid propellant tables by Andre Bedard. Project Orion: Its Life, Death, and Possible Rebirth. 20,000 tonne Mars Expeditions Using Atom Bomb Propulsion - We could have sent whole cities there by 1970 - the classic web article, by Michael Flora Soviet Space Soviet Space History at a Glance. Soviet Space History. The previously unrevealed history of the Soviet space program... Soviet Space History - Era of the Chief Designers. First Generation Soviet Space Systems. Mature First Generation Soviet Space Systems. Second Generation Soviet Space Systems. Third Generation Soviet Space Systems. Sputnik Plus 50. The real story of the race to space Russian Federation Space Systems. The N1 Story. The largest, most expensive, failed project in history - the story of the design, construction, and collapse of the immense N1 Soviet super booster. Buran!. The full history of the Buran shuttle, the largest space project ever mounted in the Soviet Union. Soviet Manned Lunar Projects. The failed Soviet lunar program, and the follow-on lunar base projects that came to nothing. Almaz. The in-depth history of the development and test of the Almaz - the only manned combat spacecraft ever flown! The Real Moon Landing Hoax. How the Soviet Union fooled the world into believing it wasn't in the moon race. The Podsadka Problem. What was the secret configuration of the L1 spacecraft? Key Meetings in Soviet Spaceflight. The key meetings, the main decisions that led to the Soviet loss of the moon race and shuttle race. Kamanin Diaries. Summary of a principal source in Soviet space history Chertok's Memoirs. Summary of a principal source in Soviet space history Why did the Soviet Union lose the Moon Race?. The reasons the Americans were first on the moon, as given by the major Soviet participants. L1 Launch Windows. The simple constraint on L1 launch dates. What did the CIA know and when did they know it?. Fifty years of declassified American National Intelligence Estimates, compared to what we now know was really happening in Soviet programs... Moon Race!. Side-by-side chronology of the major events of the race to the moon. Soviets Recovered an Apollo Capsule!. The truth only emerged 32 years later - the Soviets recovered an Apollo space capsule in 1970... Was the Soyuz Design Stolen?. There was something awfully familiar looking about the Soyuz spacecraft, the most successful in history.... Soviet Space System Development Process. Soviet Space Quality Assurance. Soviet Space Tracking Systems. Russian Designations. Russian Ballistic Rocket Designations Aelita. Soviet Expeditions to the Red Planet Soviet Conquest from Space. The story of Soviet space stations in Earth orbit - Korolev's star wars of 1963! Location of Russian Manned Spacecraft. Where you can see flown and unflown Russian manned spacecraft... Energia - The Decision. Summary of the meeting of the Soviet Military-Industrial Commission on 13 August 1974 - in which the fate of the N1 was sealed and the decision process leading to Energia-Buran was begun... Soviet Mars Propulsion - Nuclear Electric. Soviet Mars Propulsion - Nuclear Thermal. The Foundations of the Space Age. The life and work of Tsiolkovskiy, by Vladimir V. Lytkin, Tsiolkovskiy Museum, Kaluga. CIA's National Intelligence Estimates. What did the US know about Soviet missile and space plans and when did they know it? CIA's National Intelligence Estimate of March 1967. What did the US know about Soviet lunar plans? This annotated version of the CIA's National Intelligence Estimate of March 1967 compares what the CIA expected to happen with what the Soviets expected at the same time... CIA's National Intelligence Estimate 11-1-67. Updated version of NIE 11-1-67, obtained by Peter Pesavento, with most earlier redactions removed. Space Fiction Space Cadet. The future that never was... Believing in 'Buck Rogers'. Bill Gerken's memoir of a 'space cadet' of an earlier generation... Road to the Stars. One man in Russia filmed the future - before Sputnik! Did Kubrick copy his work? Taming the Fire. The story of the making of the 1972 Soviet film that took viewers inside the life of Sergei Korolev and the Baikonur cosmonaut -- they thought! The Space Explorers. A curious marriage of pre-war German filmmaking and 1950's low-rent kiddie show syndicated quickies… Spacecraft Apollo Spacecraft Systems Development Diaries. Detailed chronologies of development of Apollo spacecraft systems, arranged by system and configuration..... Mercury & Gemini Spacecraft Systems Development Diaries. Detailed chronologies of development of Mercury & Gemini spacecraft systems, arranged by system and configuration..... Gemini Technical Description. Gemini Structure, Subsystems, Electrical, and Software This and that Links. Selection of links to other Internet sites of value… Frequently Asked Questions. Many Thanks!. Contributors and acknowledgements. CD-ROM!. The Encyclopedia Astronautica is available on CD-ROM... Recommended. Books that should be on your bookshelf... What's New. What's new on the site... References. Alphabetical list of works referred to throughout the site. Site Map. Organization of the Encyclopedia Alphabetic Index. Alphabetic Index to the Site Most Popular. Most Popular Pages Editor's Choice. Editor's Favorite Articles Search. Search the Encyclpedia Astronautica... Conditions of Use for Material from this Site. Obtaining permission for use of materials from astronautix.com This Day in Space History. Find out what happened on this day in space history... Robot Planetary Explorers. The conquest of the solar system - by robots that serve as extensions of our senses in hostile environments.... Contact. Contact the Encyclopedia Astronautica The Year in Review - 2004. It's got to get worse before it can get better... The Year in Space - 2005. It got better... The Year in Space - 2006. Space rebounds! Data Downloads!. Data on astronauts, manned flights, rockets, engines, and more! Contact us with any corrections, additions, or comments. Conditions for use of drawings, pictures, or other materials from this site.. To contact astronauts or cosmonauts. © Mark Wade, 1997 - 2008 except where otherwise noted.