[FPSPACE] Chinese Space Policy "White Paper"

[JamesOberg@aol.com]

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I got the following (attached)  summaries and fragments of the new Chinese 
space policy from an AP reporter in Beijing, from Hsinhua News Agency. It 
seems to be a very serious and significant document.

Jim Oberg

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Subj:=09 space white paper
Date:=0911/22/00 3:08:47 AM Central Standard Time
From:=09mfackler@ap.org (Martin Fackler)
    Thanks for chatting late on a Tuesday night. Unfortunately, I'm having t=
roubles downloading the entire white paper from Xinhua. (Problems of this so=
rt with Xinhua are not too uncommon, actually.) Anyway, here's the eight-pag=
e summary of the white paper that Xinhua also ran.  Hope you find this usefu=
l.
Regards, Martin Fackler, AP, Beijing



> =14   China's Space Activities (White Paper Summary)=20
> =14   BEIJING, November 22 (Xinhua) -- The Information Office of the State=
 Council published Wednesday a white paper, titled "China's Space Activities=
," which gives a brief introduction to the aims and principles, present situ=
ation, future development and international cooperation concerning China's s=
pace activities.
> =14   The white paper says that after the People's Republic of China was f=
ounded in 1949, China carried out space activities on its own, and succeeded=
 in developing and launching its first man-made satellite in 1970.
> =14   China has made eye-catching achievements, and now ranks among the wo=
rld's most advanced countries in some important fields of space technology.=20=
In the 21st century, China will continue to promote the development of its s=
pace program in the light of its national situation, and make due contributi=
ons to the peaceful use of outer space, and to the civilization and progress=
 of mankind.
> =14   According to the white paper, the Chinese government has all along r=
egarded the space industry as an integral part of the state 's comprehensive=
 development strategy, and upheld that the exploration and utilization of ou=
ter space should be for peaceful purposes and benefit the whole of mankind.
> =14   The aims of China's space activities are: to explore outer space, an=
d learn more about the cosmos and the Earth; to utilize outer space for peac=
eful purposes, promote mankind's civilization and social progress, and benef=
it the whole of mankind; and to meet the growing demands of economic constru=
ction, national security, science and technology development and social prog=
ress, protect China's national interests and build up the comprehensive nati=
onal strength.
> =14   China carries out its space activities in accordance with the follow=
ing principles:
> =14   -- Adhering to the principle of long-term, stable and sustainable de=
velopment and making the development of space activities cater to and serve=20=
the state's comprehensive development strategy;
> =14   -- Upholding the principle of independence, self-reliance and self-r=
enovation and actively promoting international exchanges and cooperation;
> =14   -- Selecting a limited number of targets and making breakthroughs in=
 key areas according to the national situation and strength;
> =14   -- Enhancing the social and economic returns of space activities and=
 paying attention to the motivation of technological progress; and
> =14   -- Sticking to integrated planning, combination of long-term develop=
ment and short-term development, combination of spacecraft and ground equipm=
ent, and coordinated development.
> =14   Regarding the development of the country's space industry, the white=
 paper says that since its birth in 1956, China's space program has gone thr=
ough several important stages of development: arduous pioneering, overall de=
velopment in all related fields, reform and revitalization, and internationa=
l cooperation.
> =14   According to the policy paper, China's space industry "has reached a=
 considerable scale and level." A comprehensive system of research, design,=20=
production and testing has been formed. Space centers capable of launching s=
atellites of various types and manned spacecraft as well as a TT&C (Telemetr=
y Tracking and Command) network consisting of ground stations across the cou=
ntry and tracking and telemetry ships are in place.
> =14   Furthermore, a number of satellite application systems have been est=
ablished and have yielded remarkable social and economic benefits. A space s=
cience research system of a fairly high level has been set up and many innov=
ative achievements have been made. And a contingent of qualified space scien=
tists and technicians has come to the fore.=20
> =14   In the process of carrying out space activities independently, China=
 has opened a road of development unique to its national situation and score=
d a series of important achievements with relatively small input and within=20=
a relatively short span of time, the white paper says.
> =14   Currently, China ranks among the most advanced countries in the worl=
d in many important technological fields, such as satellite recovery, multi-=
satellite launch with a single rocket, rockets with cryogenic fuel, strap-on=
 rockets, launch of geo-stationary satellites and TT&C. Significant achievem=
ents have also been gained in the development and application of remote-sens=
ing satellites and telecommunications satellites, and in manned spacecraft t=
esting and space micro-gravity experiments.
> =14   It recalls that China's first man-made satellite, the " Dongfanghong=
-I" was successfully developed and launched on April 24, 1970, making China=20=
the fifth country in the world with such capability. By October 2000, China=20=
had developed and launched 47 satellites of various types, with a flight suc=
cess rate of over 90 percent.
> =14   China is the third country in the world to have mastered the technol=
ogy of satellite recovery, with the success rate reaching the advanced inter=
national level, and the 5th country capable of developing and launching geo-=
stationary telecommunications satellites independently. The major technologi=
cal index of China's meteorological and earth resource satellites has reache=
d the international level of the early 1990s.
> =14   China has independently developed the "Long-March" rocket group, con=
taining 12 types of launching vehicles capable of launching satellites to ne=
ar-earth, geo-stationary and sun-synchronous orbits.
> =14   Since 1985, when the Chinese government announced putting the " Long=
-March" rockets into the international commercial launching market, China ha=
s launched 27 foreign-made satellites into space, thus acquiring a share of=20=
the international commercial launching market. Up to now, the "Long-March" r=
ockets have accomplished 63 launches, and made 21 consecutive successful fli=
ghts from October 1996 to October 2000.=20
> =14   China has set up three launching sites -- in Jiuquan, Xichang and Ta=
iyuan, and meanwhile, the country has also established an integrated TT&C ne=
twork comprising TT&C ground stations and ships, which has successfully acco=
mplished TT&C missions for near-earth orbit and geo-stationary orbit satelli=
tes, and experimental spacecraft. This network has acquired the capability o=
f sharing TT& C resources with international network, and its technology has=
 reached the advanced world level.
> =14   The white paper says that China initiated its manned spaceflight pro=
gram in 1992 and its first unmanned experimental spacecraft -- "Shenzhou"--=20=
was successfully launched and recovered November 20-21, 1999.
> =14   China attaches importance to developing all kinds of application sat=
ellites and satellite application technology, and has made great progress in=
 satellite remote-sensing, satellite telecom and satellite navigation. Remot=
e-sensing and telecommunications satellites account for about 71 percent of=20=
the total number of satellites developed and launched by China. These satell=
ites have been widely utilized in all aspects of economy, science and techno=
logy, culture, and national defense, and yielded remarkable social and econo=
mic returns.=20
> =14   The white paper goes on to say that with the establishment and impro=
vement of China's socialist market economic mechanism, the state guides the=20=
development of space activities through macro- control, makes overall plans=20=
for the development of space technology, space application and space science=
, promotes the R&D and system integration of important space technologies an=
d the application of space science and technology in the fields of economy,=20=
science and technology, culture, and national defense. The state has also ca=
rried out reforms in the space science and technology industry to achieve su=
stainable development of the space industry.
> =14   The state has strengthened legislation work and policy management, e=
nacted laws and regulations and promulgated industrial policies for the spac=
e industry to ensure orderly and standardized development of space activitie=
s. Research institutions, industrial enterprises, commercial enterprises and=
 institutions of higher learning are encouraged to make full use of their ad=
vantages and participate in space activities under the guidance of the state=
's space policies, according to the policy paper.
> =14   It makes it clear that the China National Space Administration (CNSA=
) is China's governmental organization responsible for the management of sat=
ellites for civilian use and inter-governmental space cooperation with other=
 countries.
> =14   The white paper maps out a blueprint for the future development of C=
hina's space industry. The 21st century will witness vigorous development of=
 space activities across the world, it says, disclosing that China is drafti=
ng a space development strategy and plans oriented to the 21st century accor=
ding to the actual demands and long-term target of national development to s=
pur the growth of the space industry.=20
> =14   The white paper lists the short-term development targets for the nex=
t decade as follows:
> =14   -- To build up an earth observation system for long-term stable oper=
ation;
> =14   -- To set up an independently operated satellite broadcasting and te=
lecommunications system;
> =14   -- To establish an independent satellite navigation and positioning=20=
system;
> =14   -- To upgrade the overall level and capacity of China's launch vehic=
les;
> =14   -- To realize manned spaceflight and establish an initially complete=
 R&D and testing system for manned space projects;
> =14   -- To establish a coordinated and complete national satellite remote=
-sensing application system;
> =14   -- To develop space science, explore outer space, and carry out pre-=
study for outer space exploration centering on the exploration of the moon.
> =14   The long-term development targets for the next 20 years or more are=20=
as follows:
> =14   -- To achieve industrialization and marketization of space technolog=
y and space applications;
> =14   -- To establish a multi-function and multi-orbit space infrastructur=
e composed of various satellite systems and set up a satellite ground applic=
ation system;
> =14   -- To establish China's own manned spaceflight system; and
> =14   -- To obtain a more important place in the world in the field of spa=
ce science with more achievements and carry out explorations and studies of=20=
outer space. =20
> =14   Regarding China's international cooperation in the space industry, t=
he white paper says that China persistently supports activities involving th=
e peaceful use of outer space, and maintains that international space cooper=
ation shall be promoted and strengthened on the basis of equality and mutual=
 benefit, mutual complementarity and common development.
> =14   The Chinese government holds that international space cooperation sh=
ould follow the fundamental principles listed in the "Deceleration on Intern=
ational Cooperation on Exploring and Utilizing Outer Space for the Benefits=20=
and Interests of All Countries, Especially in Consideration of Developing Co=
untries' Demands," which was approved by the 51st General Assembly of the Un=
ited Nations in 1996.
> =14   According to the policy paper, China adheres to the following princi=
ples while carrying out international space cooperation:
> =14   - The aim of international space cooperation is to peacefully develo=
p and use space resources for the benefit of all mankind.
> =14   - International space cooperation should be carried out on the basis=
 of equality and mutual benefit, mutual complementarity and common developme=
nt, and the generally accepted principles of international law.
> =14   - The priority aim of international space cooperation is to simultan=
eously increase the capability of space development of all countries, partic=
ularly the developing countries, and enable all countries to enjoy the benef=
its of space technology.
> =14   - Necessary measures should be adopted to protect the space environm=
ent and space resources in the course of international space cooperation.
> =14   - The function of the United Nations Office of Outer Space Affairs (=
OOSA) should be consolidated and the outer space application programs of the=
 United Nations should be backed up. =20
> =14   According to the white paper, China's participation in international=
 space cooperation started in the mid-1970s. During the last two decades or=20=
more, China has joined bilateral, regional, multilateral and international s=
pace cooperation in different forms, such as commercial launching service, w=
hich have yielded extensive achievements. Since 1985, China has established=20=
long- term cooperative relations with a dozen countries.
> =14   China attaches great importance to space cooperation in the Asia-Pac=
ific region, the white paper says.
> =14   Regarding multilateral cooperation, China dispatched, in June 1980,=20=
an observer delegation to the 23rd Meeting of UN COPUOS for the first time,=20=
and on November 3, 1980, China became a member country of the committee. Sin=
ce then, China has participated in all the meetings of UN COPUOS and the ann=
ual meetings held by its Science, Technology and Law Sub-committee. In 1983=20=
and 1988, China acceded to the "Treaty on Principles Governing the Activitie=
s of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon an=
d Other Celestial Bodies," "Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Retur=
n of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space," "Conve=
ntion on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects," and "C=
onvention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space," and has str=
ictly performed its responsibilities and obligations. China  also supports a=
nd has participated in the UN space applications program. =20

Subj:=09 more white paper
Date:=0911/22/00 3:11:20 AM Central Standard Time
From:=09mfackler@ap.org (Martin Fackler)
Here's a snippet from the complete white paper that I was able to grab. It's=
 the part focusing on China's goals in the coming decade.   Martin



> =14   China Drafts Space Development Strategy for 21st Century (1)
> =14   BEIJING, November 22 (Xinhua) -- China is drafting a space developme=
nt strategy and plans oriented to the 21st century according to the actual d=
emands and long-term target of national development to spur the growth of th=
e space industry.
> =14   This is disclosed in a white paper, entitled "China's Space Activiti=
es", published by the Information Office of the State Council Wednesday.
> =14   The white paper lists China's short-term development targets for the=
 space industry in the next decade as follows:
> =14   - To build up an earth observation system for long-term stable opera=
tion. The meteorological satellites, resource satellites, oceanic satellites=
 and disaster monitoring satellites can develop into an earth observation sy=
stem for long-term stable operation to conduct stereoscopic observation and=20=
dynamic monitoring of the land, atmosphere, and oceanic environments of the=20=
country, the peripheral regions and even the whole globe;
> =14   - To set up an independently operated satellite broadcasting and tel=
ecommunications system. Positive support will be given to the development of=
 commercial broadcasting and telecommunications satellites such as geo-stati=
onary telecom satellites and TV live broadcasting satellites with long opera=
ting life, high reliability and large capacity, so as to form China's satell=
ite telecom industry;
> =14   - To establish an independent satellite navigation and positioning s=
ystem. This will be achieved by setting up a navigation and positioning sate=
llite group step by step and developing a relevant application system, which=
 will eventually bring into being China's satellite navigation and positioni=
ng industry;
> =14   - To upgrade the overall level and capacity of China's launch vehicl=
es. This will be achieved by improving the performance and reliability of th=
e "Long-March" group, developing the next generation of launch vehicles with=
 non-toxic, non-polluting, high- performance and low-cost specifications, fo=
rming a new group of launch vehicles and strengthening the capability of pro=
viding international commercial launching services;=20
> =14   - To realize manned spaceflight and establish an initially complete=20=
R&D and testing system for manned space projects;
> =14   - To establish a coordinated and complete national satellite remote-=
sensing application system by building various related ground application sy=
stems through overall planning, setting up a remote-sensing data receiving,=20=
processing and distributing system covering the whole country for data shari=
ng, and forming a fairly complete application system in major application fi=
elds of satellite remote-sensing; and
> =14   - To develop space science and explore outer space by developing a s=
cientific research and technological experiment satellite group of the next=20=
generation, strengthening studies of space micro-gravity, space material sci=
ence, space life science, space environment and space astronomy, and carryin=
g out pre-study for outer space exploration centering on the exploration of=20=
the moon.
> =14   Meanwhile, the white paper defines China's long-term development tar=
gets for its space industry in the next 20 years or more as follows:
> =14   -- To achieve industrialization and marketization of space technolog=
y and space applications. The exploration and utilization of space resources=
 shall meet a wide range of demands of economic construction, state security=
, science and technology development and social progress, and contribute to=20=
the strengthening of the comprehensive national strength;
> =14   - To establish a multi-function and multi-orbit space infrastructure=
 composed of various satellite systems and set up a satellite ground applica=
tion system that harmonizes spacecraft and ground equipment to form an integ=
rated ground-space network system in full, constant and long-term operation=20=
in accordance with the overall planning of the state;
> =14   - To establish China's own manned spaceflight system and carry out m=
anned spaceflight scientific research and technological experiments on a cer=
tain scale; and
> =14   - To obtain a more important place in the world in the field of spac=
e science with more achievements and carry out explorations and studies of o=
uter space. =20

From:=09mfackler@ap.org (Martin Fackler)
To:=09jamesoberg@aol.com
Here's the first seven-pages of the full white paper. You can see on the bot=
tom the error message I keep getting that prevents me from getting the rest.

BC-China-Space-White-Paper-Full-Text-1
> =14   China's Space Activities (Full Text) (1)
> =14   BEIJING, November 22 (Xinhua) -- The Information Office of the State=
 Council Wednesday published a white paper titled "China's Space Activities.=
" Following is the full text of the white paper:
> =14   Introduction
> =14   The scope of mankind's activities has experienced expansion from lan=
d to ocean, from ocean to atmosphere, and from atmosphere to outer space. Sp=
ace technology, which emerged in the 1950s, opened up a new era of man's exp=
loration of outer space. Having developed rapidly for about half a century,=20=
mankind's space activities have scored remarkable achievements, greatly prom=
oted the development of social productivity and progress, and produced profo=
und and far-reaching effects. Space technology has turned out to be one fiel=
d of high technology that exerts the most profound influence on modern socie=
ty. The continuous development and application of space technology has becom=
e an important endeavor in the modernization drive of countries all over the=
 world.
> =14   The Chinese nation created a glorious civilization in the early stag=
e of mankind's history. The gunpowder "rocket" invented by ancient Chinese w=
as the embryo of modern space rockets. After the People's Republic of China=20=
was founded in 1949, China carried out space activities on its own, and succ=
eeded in developing and launching its first man-made satellite in 1970. Chin=
a has made eye- catching achievements, and now ranks among the world's most=20=
advanced countries in some important fields of space technology. In the 21st=
 century, China will continue to promote the development of its space indust=
ry in the light of its national situation, and make due contributions to the=
 peaceful use of outer space, and to the civilization and progress of mankin=
d.
> =14   At the turn of the century, it is of significance to give a brief in=
troduction to the aims and principles, present situation, future development=
 and international cooperation concerning China' s space activities.=20
>  I. Aims and Principles
> =14   The Chinese government has all along regarded the space industry as=20=
an integral part of the state's comprehensive development strategy, and uphe=
ld that the exploration and utilization of outer space should be for peacefu=
l purposes and benefit the whole of mankind. As a developing country, China'=
s fundamental tasks are developing its economy and continuously pushing forw=
ard its modernization drive.
> =14   The aims and principles of China's space activities are determined b=
y their important status and function in protecting China's national interes=
ts and implementing the state's development strategy. The aims of China's sp=
ace activities are: to explore outer space, and learn more about the cosmos=20=
and the Earth; to utilize outer space for peaceful purposes, promote mankind=
's civilization and social progress, and benefit the whole of mankind; and t=
o meet the growing demands of economic construction, national security, scie=
nce and technology development and social progress, protect China's national=
 interests and build up the comprehensive national strength.
> =14   China carries out its space activities in accordance with the follow=
ing principles:
> =14   - Adhering to the principle of long-term, stable and sustainable dev=
elopment and making the development of space activities cater to and serve t=
he state's comprehensive development strategy. The Chinese government attach=
es great importance to the significant role of space activities in implement=
ing the strategy of revitalizing the country with science and education and=20=
that of sustainable development, as well as in economic construction, nation=
al security, science and technology development and social progress. The dev=
elopment of space activities is encouraged and supported by the government a=
s an integral part of the state's comprehensive development strategy.=20
>    - Upholding the principle of independence, self-reliance and self-renov=
ation and actively promoting international exchanges and cooperation. China=20=
shall rely on its own strength to tackle key problems and make breakthroughs=
 in space technology. Meanwhile, due attention shall be given to internation=
al cooperation and exchanges in the field of space technology, and self-reno=
vation in space technology shall be combined organically with technology imp=
ort on the principles of mutual benefit and reciprocity.
> =14   - Selecting a limited number of targets and making breakthroughs in=20=
key areas according to the national situation and strength. China carries ou=
t its space activities for the purpose of satisfying the fundamental demands=
 of its modernization drive. A limited number of projects that are of vital=20=
significance to the national economy and social development are selected so=20=
as to concentrate strength to tackle major difficulties and achieve breakthr=
oughs in key fields.
> =14   - Enhancing the social and economic returns of space activities and=20=
paying attention to the motivation of technological progress. China strives=20=
to explore a more economical and efficient development road for its space ac=
tivities so as to achieve the integration of technological advance and econo=
mic rationality.
> =14   - Sticking to integrated planning, combination of long-term developm=
ent and short-term development, combination of spacecraft and ground equipme=
nt, and coordinated development. The Chinese government develops space techn=
ology, application and science through integrated planning and rational arra=
ngement in the aim of promoting the comprehensive and coordinated developmen=
t of China's space activities.=20
>  II. Present Situation
> =14
> =14   Since its birth in 1956, China's space program has gone through seve=
ral important stages of development: arduous pioneering, overall development=
 in all related fields, reform and revitalization, and international coopera=
tion. Now it has reached a considerable scale and level. A comprehensive sys=
tem of research, design, production and testing has been formed. Space cente=
rs capable of launching satellites of various types and manned spacecraft as=
 well as a TT&C (Telemetry Tracking and Command) network consisting of groun=
d stations across the country and tracking and telemetry ships are in place.=
 A number of satellite application systems have been established and have yi=
elded remarkable social and economic benefits. A space science research syst=
em of a fairly high level has been set up and many innovative achievements h=
ave been made. And a contingent of qualified space scientists and technician=
s has come to the fore.
> =14   China's space industry was developed on the basis of weak infrastruc=
ture industries and a relatively backward scientific and technological level=
, under special national and historical conditions. In the process of carryi=
ng out space activities independently, China has opened a road of developmen=
t unique to its national situation and scored a series of important achievem=
ents with relatively small input and within a relatively short span of time.=
 Now, China ranks among the most advanced countries in the world in many imp=
ortant technological fields, such as satellite recovery, multi-satellite lau=
nch with a single rocket, rockets with cryogenic fuel, strap-on rockets, lau=
nch of geo-stationary satellites and TT&C. Significant achievements have als=
o been gained in the development and application of remote- sensing satellit=
es and telecommunications satellites, and in manned spacecraft testing and s=
pace micro-gravity experiments. ( more)=20
> =14   3. Launching Sites: China has set up three launching sites - in Jiuq=
uan, Xichang and Taiyuan - which have successfully accomplished various kind=
s of test flights of launching vehicles and launches of a variety of satelli=
tes and experimental spacecraft. China's spacecraft launching sites are capa=
ble of making both domestic satellite launches and international commercial=20=
launches, and carrying out international space cooperation in other fields.
> =14   4. TT&C: China has established an integrated TT&C network comprising=
 TT&C ground stations and ships, which has successfully accomplished TT&C mi=
ssions for near-earth orbit and geo-stationary orbit satellites, and experim=
ental spacecraft. This network has acquired the capability of sharing TT&C r=
esources with international network, and its technology has reached the inte=
rnational advanced level.
> =14   5. Manned Spaceflight: Initiating its manned spaceflight program in=20=
1992, China has developed a manned spacecraft and high- reliability launchin=
g vehicle, carried out engineering studies in aerospace medicine and aerospa=
ce life science, selected reserve astronauts and developed equipment for aer=
ospace remote-sensing and aerospace scientific experiments. China's first un=
manned experimental spacecraft - "Shenzhou"- was successfully launched and r=
ecovered November 20-21, 1999, symbolizing a breakthrough in the basic techn=
ologies of manned spacecraft and a significant step forward in the field of=20=
manned spaceflight.=20
> =14   Space Technology
> =14   1. Man-made Satellites: China's first man-made satellite, the " Dong=
fanghong-I" was successfully developed and launched on April 24, 1970, makin=
g China the fifth country in the world with such capability. By October 2000=
, China had developed and launched 47 satellites of various types, with a fl=
ight success rate of over 90% . Altogether, four satellite series have been=20=
initially developed in China, namely, recoverable remote-sensing satellites,=
 "DFH ( Dongfanghong)" telecommunications satellites, "FY (Fengyun)" meteoro=
logical satellites and "SJ (Shijian)" scientific research and technological=20=
experiment satellites. The "ZY (Ziyuan)" earth resource satellite series wil=
l come into being soon. China is the 3rd country in the world to have master=
ed the technology of satellite recovery, with the success rate reaching the=20=
advanced international level, and the 5th country capable of developing and=20=
launching geo-stationary telecommunications satellites independently. The ma=
jor technological index of China's meteorological and earth resource satelli=
tes has reached the international level of the early 1990s. The six telecomm=
unications, earth resources and meteorological satellites developed and laun=
ched by China in the past few years are in stable operation, and have genera=
ted remarkable social and economic returns.
> =14   2. Launching Vehicles: China has independently developed the " Long-=
March" rocket group, containing 12 types of launching vehicles capable of la=
unching satellites to near-earth, geo- stationary and sun-synchronous orbits=
. The largest launching capacity of the "Long-March" rockets has reached 9,2=
00 kg for near- earth orbit, and 5,100 kg for geo-stationary transfer orbit,=
 able to basically meet the demands of customers of all kinds. Since 1985, w=
hen the Chinese government announced putting the "Long- March" rockets into=20=
the international commercial launching market, China has launched 27 foreign=
-made satellites into space, thus acquiring a share of the international com=
mercial launching market. Up to now, the "Long-March" rockets have accomplis=
hed 63 launches, and made 21 consecutive successful flights from October 199=
6 to October 2000.=20
>  Space Applications
> =14   China attaches importance to developing all kinds of application sat=
ellites and satellite application technology, and has made great progress in=
 satellite remote-sensing, satellite telecom and satellite navigation. Remot=
e-sensing and telecommunications satellites account for about 71% of the tot=
al number of satellites developed and launched by China. These satellites ha=
ve been widely utilized in all aspects of economy, science and technology, c=
ulture, and national defense, and yielded remarkable social and economic ret=
urns. Related departments of the state have also made active use of foreign=20=
application satellites for application technology studies, with satisfactory=
 results.
> =14   1. Satellite Remote-Sensing: China began to use domestic and foreign=
 remote-sensing satellites in the early 1970s, and eventually carried out st=
udies, development and promotion of satellite remote-sensing application tec=
hnology, which has been widely applied in meteorology, mining, surveying, ag=
riculture, forestry, water conservancy, oceanography, seismology and urban p=
lannin=20
ITEM TERMINATED - EXCESS LENGTH - MORE
>



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