writes:
> NASAWatch.com is reporting that the next Progress launch, already
> delayed until December, is being...
Just to clarify, the next Progress to ISS is being launched next week
(Nov 14th I think): I presume that report refers to the *third* Progress
scheduled for the station?
That's right. I had the two confused in my mind; I'm now not sure if the
December Progress had previously been delayed (beyond the delays caused by the
launch of Zvezda).
From albonnici@vol.net.mt Mon Nov 13 16:51:29 2000
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2000 17:51:29 +0100
From: Alex Michael Bonnici albonnici@vol.net.mt
Subject: [FPSPACE] Join the Towards 2001 and Beyond Club with Yahoo!!!
--------------18EDA77878BBF175537A661D
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Hello Gang,
I would like you to join the online club at Yahoo entitled
"Towards 2001 and Beyond." Founder's Message Towards 2001 and Beyond:
Humanity's Future In Space, is a forum where members can discuss our
future as a spacefaring civilization.
To become a member of this club, just go to the
Web address below:
http://join.clubs.yahoo.com/config/sjg?.k=8C939f06d19BlgVZ
You need to go to the address above to join,
but you can first take a look by going to:
http://clubs.yahoo.com/clubs/towards2001andbeyond
You can learn more about Albonnici_1998 by
looking at the Yahoo! Public Profile:
http://profiles.yahoo.com/Albonnici_1998
Note: This invitation will expire after 7 days, or after
being used.
A Yahoo! Club is a great way to bring friends, family or
anyone you know together using the latest in Web
technologies. Club members are able to take advantage of
a club's private chat room, message boards and other
features. You can also create your own free club focused
on any interest, such as hobbies, families and industry
associations.
Clubs are either listed or unlisted. Listed clubs are
available to the public while unlisted clubs are
available exclusively to those who receive invitations.
If you have no interest in joining this club, there is
no need for you to do anything. You will not be
enrolled as a member.
Thanks,
Alex Michael Bonnici
http://www.geocities.com/CapeCannnaveral/8505
--------------18EDA77878BBF175537A661D
Content-Type: text/html; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Hello Gang,
I would like you to join the online club at Yahoo entitled
"Towards 2001 and Beyond." Founder's Message Towards 2001
and Beyond:
Humanity's Future In Space, is a forum where members can discuss
our
future as a spacefaring civilization.
To become a member of this club, just go to the
Web address below:
http://join.clubs.yahoo.com/config/sjg?.k=8C939f06d19BlgVZ
You need to go to the address above to join,
but you can first take a look by going to:
http://clubs.yahoo.com/clubs/towards2001andbeyond
You can learn more about Albonnici_1998 by
looking at the Yahoo! Public Profile:
http://profiles.yahoo.com/Albonnici_1998
Note: This invitation will expire after 7 days, or after
being used.
A Yahoo! Club is a great way to bring friends, family or
anyone you know together using the latest in Web
technologies. Club members are able to take advantage of
a club's private chat room, message boards and other
features. You can also create your own free club focused
on any interest, such as hobbies, families and industry
associations.
Clubs are either listed or unlisted. Listed clubs are
available to the public while unlisted clubs are
available exclusively to those who receive invitations.
If you have no interest in joining this club, there is
no need for you to do anything. You will not be
enrolled as a member.
Thanks,
Alex Michael Bonnici
http://www.geocities.com/CapeCannnaveral/8505
--------------18EDA77878BBF175537A661D--
From cpvick@fas.org Mon Nov 13 17:09:29 2000
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2000 12:09:29 -0500
From: Charles P. Vick cpvick@fas.org
Subject: [FPSPACE] N1 launches on TV
Dear Bart,
The program was done by Ideal world of London and Glasgow, UK. My
interface was John Lloyd and Dan Clifton producer. Basically they did a fair
job on the US side and the Kuznetsov side. I wrote them about the errors
which I seem to have lost unless Dave has a copy available. There is only
new footage for the NK series of engines there including the major engine
static test firing failure in 1968. There is no new N1 footage. With in the
program they may the following basic mistakes:
1. They identified 7L as 3L IE the 3L is the gray bird.
2. No debre's caused the first failure of 3L only on 5L.
3. 5L caused by debree etc.
4. No third flight that Mishin described is the 7L bird of the 4th flight.
He gets the numbers mixed as he has him self told me because he did not
attend the 7L launch due to heart problems that hospitalized him at the
time. Chertok was the launch director for 7L.
5. There was no reuse of the #L and 5L launch pad for the other N1 flight
test. It rebuild was not completed until 1972, 73 based on Corona imagery.
Basically the overly simplified story of the program is about what I
did in Huntsville, Alabama in the 1980's with the RED STAR - 2000 and other
briefings under David Christianson and my college friend David Dooling at
UAH ( AIAA, NSC) and MSFC for NASA/MSFC, DOD, USAF, Industry, and the other
interested US Gov't communities that attended. After my briefings that went
on for several years of repeated updated discussions. It was then applied by
Jerry Thomson then of MSFC to the NLS new closed and open cycle propulsion
studies. I had for some time also been discussing this with the P & W
President Donald Witt now retired who initially headed up the NLS propulsion
development group for industry at P & W both in West Palm Beach and
Huntsville. Once the NLS competition had started I had to be very careful
not to reveal to industry what I had discussed with Jerry Thomson for NASA
and the USAF. I handled my self very professionally and correctly as I have
been credited to have done. Jerry Thomson left MSFC and went with Aerojet.
Based on my efforts he went to Russia repeatedly carried out the tours and
made the contacts you hear about in the program. My good friend Mr. Bill
Hoffman worked under Jerry Thomson who is now retired to his ranch in the
Huntsville-Tenn. area. Don Witt of P & W then went after the RD-170, 171 and
its derivations RD-180, RD-190 for which Mr. Bob Ford of now Lockheed Martin
carried out. P & W got the RD-180 before Aerojet got the NK-33. In both
cases it was done to acquire the closed cycle engine technology and
manufacturing, materials processing etc. to make up for 25 plus years of
lack of US rocket engine technology R & D investment by the US Government.
While at the same time it has provided gainful employment to the Russian
entities involved. The RD-180 infact as did the RD-170 greatly benefitted
from the NK-15/NK-33 experience but is still not as good as the NK-33.
Kistler infact has funding for three flights of their booster which is
moving along rapidly now. I do not know what happened to Rocketdyne except
the really did not get the point and did not benefit except they are now
developing the NLS derivative engine for Delta-4. To make a long historic
story short to quote Jerry Thomoson who said to me " If it were not for what
you did none of this would have been possible". I also have official letters
to that from MSFC from Jerry Thomson's office.
Of course no good deed for your country goes unpunished. A lot of what I
did was not understood and was not appreciated. The revenge of some was
total on me. It was very expensive to me personally. Ultimately those
responsible for that great cost to me and what they had done to others were
removed from office in total. I managed to some how survive and save my
Russian Space Library thanks to FAS, and Mr. John Pike. But as of January
1, 2001 that will be over also unless something changes. Where I will go at
this point is unclear. Work on understanding this engine technology
continues in the US to this day. There is still much to be learned. This is
why P&W and Aerojet have on going contracts with Energomash and Kuznetsov.
I still hope that the NK-33 will power the Space Shuttle fly back boosters
which was my ultimate goal all along. This may yet come true as I dreamed
years ago when I was to young to understand its meaning. It was a rare
privilege to have the opportunity to do what I did for this country and
Russia. I do not regret it in spite of the cost to me personally. Somehow I
hope I will be able to survive and finish my book of the Soviet Manned Lunar
programs.
>
>All the Best,
>Charles P. Vick
>
>At 11:31 PM 11/12/00 +0100, you wrote:
>>Raoul Lannoy wrote :
>>
>>>At this moment, there are fascinating color TV pictures of the N1 four
>>>launches in a flemish program.
>>>The third was launched and the pictures are seen from a distance. The sky
>>>is all reddish. it exploded at an altitude (must have used a zoom to
>>>picture it) (sorry, I haven't recorded the program from the very beginning,
>>>but do now-I hope Bart, Tristan and Koen are seeing it too).
>>
>>Yes, Raoul, I did see the documentary, which was a Dutch-language version of
>>a US documentary. There was no indication what the original English title
>>was, only that it was produced by a certain Dan Clifton. It featured
>>interviews with Charles Vick and James Harford.
>>
>>I think most or all of the N-1 footage in this documentary was from a
>>compilation of N-1 pictures released by the Videocosmos organisation in
>>Moscow a couple of years ago. There was also footage of the July 1969 N-1
>>pad explosion taken from the RKK Energiya 1946-1996 video. The Videocosmos
>>compilation included a 1973 in-house movie of KBOM, the design bureau that
>>built the N-1 launch pads. A lot of the footage shown in the documentary was
>>from the KBOM movie. Actually, I'm quite sure the vehicle shown in the KBOM
>>movie is 7L, the fourth N-1. Mishin was shown watching the footage and said
>>it was the third launch, but that was a pre-dawn launch, so he must have
>>been mistaken. One thing that I don't recall having seen elsewhere was the
>>apparent break-up of an N-1. I say apparent, because it was shown from too
>>far to be sure that it was an N-1. It may well have been an entirely
>>different rocket. Perhaps Charles Vick knows.
>>
>>The documentary was slightly misleading in that it began and ended with
>>footage of the first Atlas-3 launch (carrying NPO Energomash's RD-180),
>>while the rest of it was devoted to the history of Kuznetsov's NK engines.
>>There was not a word about the fact that the NK-33 is yet to make its first
>>flight (and may never do so unless Kistler finally works out its problems)
>>and that the RD-180 is an altogether different engine than the NK-33. I'm
>>sure that many casual viewers went away with the impression that the Russian
>>engine used on the Atlas-3 is the NK-33. But that's enough nitpicking. It
>>was fun watching.
>>
>>Bart Hendrickx
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>_______________________________________________
>>FPSPACE mailing list
>>FPSPACE@friends-partners.org
>>http://fpmail.friends-partners.org/mailman/listinfo.cgi/fpspace
>>
>>
>
_______________________
Charles P. Vick
Research Analyst
Federation of American Scientists
phone: (202) 675-1025
fax: (202) 675-1024
email: cpvick@fas.org
http://www.fas.org/
From cpvick@fas.org Mon Nov 13 17:17:32 2000
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2000 12:17:32 -0500
From: Charles P. Vick cpvick@fas.org
Subject: [FPSPACE] N1 launches on TV
>Dear Bart,
>
> The program was done by Ideal world of London and Glasgow, UK. My
interface was John Lloyd and Dan Clifton producer. Basically they did a fair
job on the US side and the Kuznetsov side. I wrote them about the errors
which I seem to have lost unless Dave has a copy available. There is only
new footage for the NK series of engines there including the major engine
static test firing failure in 1968. There is no new N1 footage. With in the
program they may the following basic mistakes:
>1. They identified 7L as 3L IE the 3L is the gray bird.
>2. No debre's caused the first failure of 3L only on 5L.
>3. 5L caused by debree etc.
>4. No third flight that Mishin described is the 7L bird of the 4th flight.
He gets the numbers mixed as he has him self told me because he did not
attend the 7L launch due to heart problems that hospitalized him at the
time. Chertok was the launch director for 7L.
>5. There was no reuse of the #L and 5L launch pad for the other N1 flight
test. It rebuild was not completed until 1972, 73 based on Corona imagery.
> Basically the overly simplified story of the program is about what
I did in Huntsville, Alabama in the 1980's with the RED STAR - 2000 and
other briefings under David Christianson and my college friend David Dooling
at UAH ( AIAA, NSC) and MSFC for NASA/MSFC, DOD, USAF, Industry, and the
other interested US Gov't communities that attended. After my briefings that
went on for several years of repeated updated discussions. It was then
applied by Jerry Thomson then of MSFC to the NLS new closed and open cycle
propulsion studies. I had for some time also been discussing this with the P
& W President Donald Witt now retired who initially headed up the NLS
propulsion development group for industry at P & W both in West Palm Beach
and Huntsville. Once the NLS competition had started I had to be very
careful not to reveal to industry what I had discussed with Jerry Thomson
for NASA and the USAF. I handled my self very professionally and correctly
as I have been credited to have done. Jerry Thomson left MSFC and went with
Aerojet. Based on my efforts he went to Russia repeatedly carried out the
tours and made the contacts you hear about in the program. My good friend
Mr. Bill Hoffman worked under Jerry Thomson who is now retired to his ranch
in the Huntsville-Tenn. area. Don Witt of P & W then went after the RD-170,
171 and its derivations RD-180, RD-190 for which Mr. Bob Ford of now
Lockheed Martin carried out. P & W got the RD-180 before Aerojet got the
NK-33. In both cases it was done to acquire the closed cycle engine
technology and manufacturing, materials processing etc. to make up for 25
plus years of lack of US rocket engine technology R & D investment by the US
Government. While at the same time it has provided gainful employment to the
Russian entities involved. The RD-180 infact as did the RD-170 greatly
benefitted from the NK-15/NK-33 experience but is still not as good as the
NK-33. Kistler infact has funding for three flights of their booster which
is moving along rapidly now. I do not know what happened to Rocketdyne
except the really did not get the point and did not benefit except they are
now developing the NLS derivative engine for Delta-4. To make a long
historic story short to quote Jerry Thomoson who said to me " If it were not
for what you did none of this would have been possible". I also have
official letters to that from MSFC from Jerry Thomson's office.
> Of course no good deed for your country goes unpunished. A lot of what I
did was not understood and was not appreciated. The revenge of some was
total on me. It was very expensive to me personally. Ultimately those
responsible for that great cost to me and what they had done to others were
removed from office in total. I managed to some how survive and save my
Russian Space Library thanks to FAS, and Mr. John Pike. But as of January
1, 2001 that will be over also unless something changes. Where I will go at
this point is unclear. Work on understanding this engine technology
continues in the US to this day. There is still much to be learned. This is
why P&W and Aerojet have on going contracts with Energomash and Kuznetsov.
I still hope that the NK-33 will power the Space Shuttle fly back boosters
which was my ultimate goal all along. This may yet come true as I dreamed
years ago when I was to young to understand its meaning. It was a rare
privilege to have the opportunity to do what I did for this country and
Russia. I do not regret it in spite of the cost to me personally. Somehow I
hope I will be able to survive and finish my book of the Soviet Manned Lunar
programs.
>>
>>All the Best,
>>Charles P. Vick
>>
>>At 11:31 PM 11/12/00 +0100, you wrote:
>>>Raoul Lannoy wrote :
>>>
>>>>At this moment, there are fascinating color TV pictures of the N1 four
>>>>launches in a flemish program.
>>>>The third was launched and the pictures are seen from a distance. The sky
>>>>is all reddish. it exploded at an altitude (must have used a zoom to
>>>>picture it) (sorry, I haven't recorded the program from the very beginning,
>>>>but do now-I hope Bart, Tristan and Koen are seeing it too).
>>>
>>>Yes, Raoul, I did see the documentary, which was a Dutch-language version of
>>>a US documentary. There was no indication what the original English title
>>>was, only that it was produced by a certain Dan Clifton. It featured
>>>interviews with Charles Vick and James Harford.
>>>
>>>I think most or all of the N-1 footage in this documentary was from a
>>>compilation of N-1 pictures released by the Videocosmos organisation in
>>>Moscow a couple of years ago. There was also footage of the July 1969 N-1
>>>pad explosion taken from the RKK Energiya 1946-1996 video. The Videocosmos
>>>compilation included a 1973 in-house movie of KBOM, the design bureau that
>>>built the N-1 launch pads. A lot of the footage shown in the documentary was
>>>from the KBOM movie. Actually, I'm quite sure the vehicle shown in the KBOM
>>>movie is 7L, the fourth N-1. Mishin was shown watching the footage and said
>>>it was the third launch, but that was a pre-dawn launch, so he must have
>>>been mistaken. One thing that I don't recall having seen elsewhere was the
>>>apparent break-up of an N-1. I say apparent, because it was shown from too
>>>far to be sure that it was an N-1. It may well have been an entirely
>>>different rocket. Perhaps Charles Vick knows.
>>>
>>>The documentary was slightly misleading in that it began and ended with
>>>footage of the first Atlas-3 launch (carrying NPO Energomash's RD-180),
>>>while the rest of it was devoted to the history of Kuznetsov's NK engines.
>>>There was not a word about the fact that the NK-33 is yet to make its first
>>>flight (and may never do so unless Kistler finally works out its problems)
>>>and that the RD-180 is an altogether different engine than the NK-33. I'm
>>>sure that many casual viewers went away with the impression that the Russian
>>>engine used on the Atlas-3 is the NK-33. But that's enough nitpicking. It
>>>was fun watching.
>>>
>>>Bart Hendrickx
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>_______________________________________________
>>>FPSPACE mailing list
>>>FPSPACE@friends-partners.org
>>>http://fpmail.friends-partners.org/mailman/listinfo.cgi/fpspace
>>>
>>>
>>
>
_______________________
Charles P. Vick
Research Analyst
Federation of American Scientists
phone: (202) 675-1025
fax: (202) 675-1024
email: cpvick@fas.org
http://www.fas.org/
From davida@cwo.com Mon Nov 13 18:04:46 2000
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2000 10:04:46 -0800
From: David Anderman davida@cwo.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Kistler launches
If this were true, this would be excellent news, indeed!
At 12:09 PM 11/13/2000 -0500, Charles P. Vick wrote:
>Kistler in fact has funding for three flights of their booster which is
>moving along rapidly now.
From robot@ultimax.com Mon Nov 13 18:44:53 2000
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2000 14:44:53 -0400
From: Robert G Kennedy III robot@ultimax.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Re: NK-33
Raoul Lannoy wrote:
>but do now-I hope Bart, Tristan and Koen are seeing it too). Ingeneers from
>Aerojet went to visit a warehouse loaded with NK33 engines (20some) and were
>totally baffled by what they saw. They sent one of them to Sacramento for
>testing in 1995 (NKP2) and it was successful: Soviets had a 20 year old
>technology not yet available in the USA. That technology is now used for the
>Atlas rocket (RD180).
They brought at least one engine over, earlier, I think.
On 05Oct94, the gang from Aerojet came by the Space Subcommittee on Capitol
Hill (when I was working for Space) to talk about their new joint venture.
They also brought along another gang of Russian senior engineers from NPO
"Trud" in Samara, whom they were working with, including one very old and
very senior engineer, Valentin Semyonovich Anisimov. His title was
"Honoured Designer of the Russian Federation" (probably same title with
"USSR" before that). Boy, I wish we gave our engineers recognition like
that.
Being the only Russian-speaking staffer on the Science committee at that
time, I was asked to participate. It was just a lucky bonus that I happened
to be a space history nut as well.
In fact, looking over my diary for that day, I see that I was pulled out of
Commercial Spaceport briefing taking place at 3 p.m. in Space's hearing
room, #2317. (apologies to Jim Spellman, et al.) We used the Science
Committee's big hearing room, Rayburn 2318.
As I recall, Aerojet said they had access to about 40 engines, not 20.
Their plan was to disassemble/test a few of them, but install most of them
directly on American launchers. They figured by the time they burned
through the inventory, they'd had learned enough to manufacture copies of
the engines under license. As I recall, they mentioned the figure of $1
million for each existing engine. I didn't hear any figures about the
royalty.
The most fascinating part of the meeting was when Valentin Semyonovich
described the failures of the N-1, how:
- if one engine in the base ring failed, its opposite number would shut down;
- they could lose as many as six engines during boost, and still make it to
orbit;
- how the cycling/update frequency of the control system turned out to be
unfortunately close to the natural frequency about the yaw axis.
He felt the main culprit, which doomed the program no matter what, was bad
electronics.
He had worked directly for Korolev at some point, and talked about what it
was like to work for him. Everybody sat and listened, pretty much
spellbound. I mean, this was a guy who had been there, done that, and got
the T-shirt. It was cool to hop in occasionally and provide technical
idioms for the translator. Russians always bring along these drop-dead
gorgeous translators. As the group departed, one of the Russian officials
going out the door shook his had and said to another one (in Russian) "All
these Americans, speaking Russian now." Very hard for me to keep a straight
face. Then I debriefed the other staffers who remained.
I always felt Aerojet and the Russkiis had a credible business plan with
lots of potential that played to both their strengths. Later on, I heard
that Aerojet ran into all kinds of roadblocks, some from State and some
from DoD. In my opinion, the stated concerns about "technology transfer"
were total red herrings, (the tech was coming our way, fer Chrissake!) and
really what was going on was that other players in the military industrial
complex (guess who?) were trying to torpedo a competing project.
--
Robert Kennedy, PE
http://www.ultimax.com
From JamesOberg@aol.com Mon Nov 13 22:39:30 2000
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2000 17:39:30 EST
From: JamesOberg@aol.com JamesOberg@aol.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Komorov and space urban legends
The flight was a bitch -- but the thing that killed him was unforeseeable,
because it was a flaw inside the parahute compartment, as we now know thanks
to many contributors to this group.
Stories of his wife talking to him, and Kosygin talking to him, are not
worthy of belief, IMHO. I've talked with a guy ("Winslow Peck" was his
pseudonym) who says he was assigned to a Turkish listening post AFTER the
event and heard about it from buddies, but I don't believe his story because
of other features of his claims (like the claim that the NSA monitored two
guys getting blown up on the launch pad about 1965). I've also talked
(mid-1990s) with Russians who were at Mission Control (Yevpatoriya), and we
were drunk enough to tell each other the truth, but not too drunk that I
forgot what they told me. "Devil machine, everything I touch doesn't work",
is one radio message, but no tearful last wishes from loved ones or national
leaders.
From lklaes@bbn.com Mon Nov 13 22:57:48 2000
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2000 17:57:48 -0500
From: Larry Klaes lklaes@bbn.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Komorov and space urban legends
How much would Komarov have verbally griped at Mission
Control before he so annoyed his bosses that if he had
survived the Soyuz 1 mission they would never allow him
to fly in space again? Witness what happened on Apollo 7
after Wally Schirra told off Houston.
Since Komarov obviously did not know he was going to die,
at least while in orbit, how well would it have been for
him career-wise to complain about spacecraft problems
beyond the norm?
Larry
At 05:39 PM 11/13/2000 EST, JamesOberg@aol.com wrote:
>The flight was a bitch -- but the thing that killed him was unforeseeable,
>because it was a flaw inside the parahute compartment, as we now know thanks
>to many contributors to this group.
>
>Stories of his wife talking to him, and Kosygin talking to him, are not
>worthy of belief, IMHO. I've talked with a guy ("Winslow Peck" was his
>pseudonym) who says he was assigned to a Turkish listening post AFTER the
>event and heard about it from buddies, but I don't believe his story because
>of other features of his claims (like the claim that the NSA monitored two
>guys getting blown up on the launch pad about 1965). I've also talked
>(mid-1990s) with Russians who were at Mission Control (Yevpatoriya), and we
>were drunk enough to tell each other the truth, but not too drunk that I
>forgot what they told me. "Devil machine, everything I touch doesn't work",
>is one radio message, but no tearful last wishes from loved ones or national
>leaders.
>_______________________________________________
>FPSPACE mailing list
>FPSPACE@friends-partners.org
>http://fpmail.friends-partners.org/mailman/listinfo.cgi/fpspace
>
From lklaes@bbn.com Tue Nov 14 01:07:35 2000
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2000 20:07:35 -0500
From: Larry Klaes lklaes@bbn.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Lunakhod 1 launch and Voyager 1 Saturn flyby anniversaries
November 10: 30th Anniversary (1970) of the Luna 17 probe from
the USSR carrying the first successful unmanned rover, Lunakhod 1.
The Soviets placed the first robot rover on the lunar
surface on November 17, 1970, calling it Lunakhod 1. The
rover drove off a ramp from the Luna 17 probe and explored
Mare Imbrium for almost one full year. Lunakhod 1 survived
the bitter lunar nights with an onboard radioactive heat
source. Five controllers on Earth operated each set of
wheels of the rover.
Though not widely known at the time, the Lunakhod series
was part of the Soviet's manned lunar program. These
rovers would serve in the construction of the first
lunar bases. Sadly, only one more Lunakhod made it to
Earth's moon and the third probe was left in a museum.
There would not be another successful rover to an alien
world after the Lunakhods until the Mars Pathfinder rover
named Sojourner, which explored the Red Planet in late 1997.
Relevant URLs:
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/tmp/1970-095A.html
http://vsm.host.ru/e_lunhod.htm
http://www.friends-partners.org/~mwade/craft/lunaye8.htm
http://titione75.free.fr/espace/engin/sonde/lunakhod.htm
http://www.nasm.edu/ceps/etp/tools/tools_rover.html#lunk
http://www.ninfinger.org/~sven/models/sovietsp/lunokhod.html
http://www.seds.org/pub/info/newsletters/ejasa/jasa9601.txt
November 12 - 20th Anniversary (1980) of Voyager 1 Flyby of Saturn
Though not the first probe to flyby the planet Saturn -
that honor went to Pioneer 11 just over one year earlier -
Voyager 1 took far more data and much sharper images of
the beautiful ringed world than its predecessor.
Among its accomplishments was a very close flyby of the
moon Titan. Voyager 1 learned that Titan's thick orange
atmosphere completely covered the moon's surface and was
composed primarily of nitrogen rather than methane as
previously thought. The probe also discovered that Titan
was the second largest known moon in the Sol system; that
honor now went to Jupiter's Ganymede.
Saturn was Voyager 1's second and last planetary system
encounter. In 1998 the probe exceeded the distance of
Pioneer 10 and became the farthest human-made object in
space.
Relevant URLs:
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/calendar/voyager1.html
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/voyager.html
http://vraptor.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/voyager.html
http://www.friends-partners.org/~mwade/craft/voyager.htm
http://www.btinternet.com/~consty/render/probes/voyager/voyager.htm
Voyager 1 and 2 carry on their sides a golden record
designed to relay information about humanity should any
ETI find the probes in interstellar space. They may last
along with the probes for over one billion years during
their journeys through the Milky Way galaxy.
For more information on the Voyager Interstellar Record:
http://vraptor.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/record.html
http://www.re-lab.net/welcome/
http://www.cedmagic.com/featured/voyager/voyager-record.html
Larry
From vojko.kogej@guest.arnes.si Tue Nov 14 12:46:47 2000
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2000 13:46:47 +0100
From: Vojko Kogej vojko.kogej@guest.arnes.si
Subject: [FPSPACE] Komorov and space urban legends
He was not KomOrov. He was KomArov!
----- Original Message -----
From:
To:
Sent: Monday, November 13, 2000 11:39 PM
Subject: [FPSPACE] Komorov and space urban legends
> The flight was a bitch -- but the thing that killed him was unforeseeable,
> because it was a flaw inside the parahute compartment, as we now know
thanks
> to many contributors to this group.
>
> Stories of his wife talking to him, and Kosygin talking to him, are not
> worthy of belief, IMHO. I've talked with a guy ("Winslow Peck" was his
> pseudonym) who says he was assigned to a Turkish listening post AFTER the
> event and heard about it from buddies, but I don't believe his story
because
> of other features of his claims (like the claim that the NSA monitored two
> guys getting blown up on the launch pad about 1965). I've also talked
> (mid-1990s) with Russians who were at Mission Control (Yevpatoriya), and
we
> were drunk enough to tell each other the truth, but not too drunk that I
> forgot what they told me. "Devil machine, everything I touch doesn't
work",
> is one radio message, but no tearful last wishes from loved ones or
national
> leaders.
> _______________________________________________
> FPSPACE mailing list
> FPSPACE@friends-partners.org
> http://fpmail.friends-partners.org/mailman/listinfo.cgi/fpspace
>
From robot@ultimax.com Tue Nov 14 16:49:20 2000
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2000 12:49:20 -0400
From: Robert G Kennedy III robot@ultimax.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Re: NK-33 more
Digging into other notes, I see that Aerojet/NPO "Trud" had access to
almost 200 (!) NK-33 type engines. In Oct 1994, the total inventory
comprised 102 x NK-33, 18 x NK-43, 31 x NK-39, and 7 x NK-31. Since they
had been mothballed since the early 1970s, presumably they are in much the
same condition now.
Refurbishment was reckoned to cost $2.6 million per unit, whilst the unit
cost for eventual production Stateside was reckoned to be $4.2 million, one
half to one third the cost of the nearest alternatives, the RS-27 and the
MA-5A.
Also, the engine did get here sooner, as I thought. Aerojet imported an
NK-33 engine for test/qualification in October 1993.
--
Robert Kennedy, PE
http://www.ultimax.com
From lklaes@bbn.com Tue Nov 14 18:29:45 2000
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2000 13:29:45 -0500
From: Larry Klaes lklaes@bbn.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Soviet Mars lander in Red Planet
For those of you who do not want to know about the
plot of the new film Red Planet, read no further, but
note I will not be saying much in the way of spoilers.
Apparently in the film a robot Soviet Mars lander plays
a role in the plot. You can see images of it here:
http://www.sciflicks.com/red_planet/images/red_planet_18.html
And here:
http://www.darkhorizons.com/news5/prod1.jpg
Though I have not yet seen the film and I know only that
it is called Kosmos, the lander certainly looks like something
that the Soviets would have launched to Mars, based on their
Luna landers.
The Soviets did hope to send a probe to Mars that would return
soil samples in the late 1970s, upstaging the US Viking missions.
But that plan never came about and in fact may have been the cause
of problems with Venera 11 and 12, delayed Luna 24, and kept
Lunakhod 3 from ever leaving Earth.
BTW, how far did such a Mars Sample Return craft get built?
Are any parts and/or diagrams left?
This Web site is a review on the science and astronomy in
Red Planet and does contain extensive spoilers, but you
will be warned well in advance:
http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/movies/redplanet.html
For those who have seen Red Planet, can you provide more
information on this Soviet lander? Thanks.
Larry
From dave.woods@lmco.com Tue Nov 14 19:18:02 2000
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2000 14:18:02 -0500
From: Woods, Dave dave.woods@lmco.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Soviet Mars lander in Red Planet
I did go see it. Totally unbelievable plot, annoying characters with bad
egos. Yes, there is a robot in there and it looks like someone did look
at some Lavochkin spacecraft designs for some construction details.
You never get a good look at it though: too much shadow. Bottom line:
if you have some time and money to waste, only then go see it.
Dave
> -----Original Message-----
> From: Larry Klaes [SMTP:lklaes@bbn.com]
> Sent: Tuesday, November 14, 2000 1:30 PM
> To: fpspace@solar.rtd.utk.edu
> Subject: [FPSPACE] Soviet Mars lander in Red Planet
>
> For those of you who do not want to know about the
> plot of the new film Red Planet, read no further, but
> note I will not be saying much in the way of spoilers.
>
> Apparently in the film a robot Soviet Mars lander plays
> a role in the plot. You can see images of it here:
>
> http://www.sciflicks.com/red_planet/images/red_planet_18.html
>
> And here:
>
> http://www.darkhorizons.com/news5/prod1.jpg
>
> Though I have not yet seen the film and I know only that
> it is called Kosmos, the lander certainly looks like something
> that the Soviets would have launched to Mars, based on their
> Luna landers.
>
> For those who have seen Red Planet, can you provide more
> information on this Soviet lander? Thanks.
>
> Larry
From tcools@village.uunet.be Tue Nov 14 23:06:02 2000
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2000 00:06:02 +0100
From: Tristan Cools tcools@village.uunet.be
Subject: [FPSPACE] Lunakhod 1 launch and Voyager 1 Saturn flyby
anniversaries
At 20:07 13-11-00 -0500, you wrote:
>
>
>Though not widely known at the time, the Lunakhod series
>was part of the Soviet's manned lunar program. These
>rovers would serve in the construction of the first
>lunar bases. Sadly, only one more Lunakhod made it to
>Earth's moon and the third probe was left in a museum.
>
In 1987, there was a space exhibition in Brussels, Belgium where I
photographed a Lunokhod 2.
See at:
http://gallery.uunet.be/tcools/satimage/images/lunokh2.JPG
Is this a real flight worthy model or just a mockup ?
At Le Bourget Paris, France I took a photograph of a Lunokhod 1 model. I
also don't know if this one was intended for launch or not.(no picture on
my website yet).
Greetings,
Tristan Cools tcools@village.uunet.be
Belgian Working Group Satellites(BWGS)
Damse Vaart: 3.2478E/51.2277N - OBS place 1
Ryckevelde: 3.2856E/51.2045N - OBS place 2
Brugge: 3.2166E/51.2104N - OBS place 3(home)
HTTP://gallery.uunet.be/tcools/satimage/index.htm
From davida@cwo.com Tue Nov 14 23:52:02 2000
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2000 15:52:02 -0800
From: David Anderman davida@cwo.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Russia may send new crew to Mir
Tuesday November 14 12:51 PM ET
Russia May Send New Crew to Mir
http://dailynews.yahoo.com/h/ap/20001114/wl/russia_mir_1.html
It doesn't end, does it? Kind of like the election!
From lklaes@bbn.com Wed Nov 15 13:45:53 2000
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2000 08:45:53 -0500
From: Larry Klaes lklaes@bbn.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Lunakhod 1 launch and Voyager 1 Saturn flyby
anniversaries
My strong guess would be that the image you took was
of Lunakhod 3, a real lunar rover that never made it
to Luna due to problems from the Soviets attempt to
build a Mars sample return probe in the late 1970s
to upstage the US Viking mission. The same rover
was on display at the Boston Museum of Science in
1990.
Larry
At 12:06 AM 11/15/2000 +0100, Tristan Cools wrote:
>At 20:07 13-11-00 -0500, you wrote:
>>
>>
>>Though not widely known at the time, the Lunakhod series
>>was part of the Soviet's manned lunar program. These
>>rovers would serve in the construction of the first
>>lunar bases. Sadly, only one more Lunakhod made it to
>>Earth's moon and the third probe was left in a museum.
>>
>
>
>In 1987, there was a space exhibition in Brussels, Belgium where I
>photographed a Lunokhod 2.
>
>See at:
>
>http://gallery.uunet.be/tcools/satimage/images/lunokh2.JPG
>
>Is this a real flight worthy model or just a mockup ?
>
>At Le Bourget Paris, France I took a photograph of a Lunokhod 1 model. I
>also don't know if this one was intended for launch or not.(no picture on
>my website yet).
>
>Greetings,
>
>
>Tristan Cools tcools@village.uunet.be
>Belgian Working Group Satellites(BWGS)
>
>Damse Vaart: 3.2478E/51.2277N - OBS place 1
>Ryckevelde: 3.2856E/51.2045N - OBS place 2
>Brugge: 3.2166E/51.2104N - OBS place 3(home)
>
>HTTP://gallery.uunet.be/tcools/satimage/index.htm
>
>
>_______________________________________________
>FPSPACE mailing list
>FPSPACE@friends-partners.org
>http://fpmail.friends-partners.org/mailman/listinfo.cgi/fpspace
>
From davida@cwo.com Wed Nov 15 15:05:37 2000
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2000 07:05:37 -0800
From: David Anderman davida@cwo.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Lunakhod 3
I believe that this same vehicle is now on display at Lavochkin. The wheels
still work.
DWA
At 08:45 AM 11/15/2000 -0500, Larry Klaes wrote:
>My strong guess would be that the image you took was
>of Lunakhod 3, a real lunar rover that never made it
>to Luna due to problems from the Soviets attempt to
>build a Mars sample return probe in the late 1970s
>to upstage the US Viking mission. The same rover
>was on display at the Boston Museum of Science in
>1990.
From lklaes@bbn.com Wed Nov 15 21:58:43 2000
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2000 16:58:43 -0500
From: Larry Klaes lklaes@bbn.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Could 2000 SG344 be the Luna 16 upper rocket stage?
POSSIBLE IDENTITY FOR 2000 SG344
>From Bruce Moomaw
Subject: IS 2000 SG344 from Luna 16 Proton launch vehicle?
I just did what I'm sure many of you have done yourselves; Run the current
MPC elements for 2000 SG344 back in time to see when it made it's last
current approach to earth. Going back from today to January 1, 1959 (before
the Soviets launched the Lunik I probe, the first mission near the moon)
2000 SG344 passes near the earth only one time. Its last close approach was
12 September, 1970 at about 10 hrs UT. (My limited software gives a distance
of 0.011480 AU - 1708224 km, at that time)
That means for it to be a booster the mission it came from must have been
launched around that time.
Searching the NASA History website and linking to the 1970 information, I
came on this page (http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/chrono3.html) and
found only one mission which was launched on, you guessed it, September
12th, 1970.
More information about Luna 16, which was a successful lunar sample return
mission launched with a Proton booster, can be found here:
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/tmp/1970-072A.html
Richard Kowalski
---
Looks like a good candidate to me. I'll add only that there were five S-4B
stages from Apollo launches that ended up in solar orbit rather than hitting
the Moon: those from Apollo 8 through 12. (Apollo 9 dropped off the Apollo
itself in Earth orbit for a test flight before the S-4B restarted its engine
to put itself into solar orbit.)
Bruce Moomaw
SATURN V STAGES IN HELIOCENTRIC ORBIT
>From Luciano Anselmo
Dear Benny,
Just to clarify the confusion concerning the Saturn V third stages in
heliocentric orbit, let me summarize the facts.
Ten (10) third stages (S-IVB) of the Saturn V moon rocket reached the escape
velocity, during 9 lunar missions (Apollo 8, 10-17) and one test mission in
earth orbit (Apollo 9). In the latter case, the first test of the Lunar
Module in earth orbit, the S-IVB was sent in heliocentric orbit, during an
engineering test, without passing close to the moon.
Concerning the 9 missions towards the moon, 4 S-IVBs were sent in
heliocentric orbit after a close approach (C/A) with the moon, while the
stages of the last 5 missions (Apollo 13-17) were intentionally impacted on
our natural satellite to produce 2-hour long moonquakes, studied by the
Apollo instruments already in place.
The following tables summarize the S-IVBs status: 5 in heliocentric orbit
(all launched in 1968-1969) and 5 disintegrated on the moon (all launched in
1970-1972). The first S-IVB stage to impact the moon was the only major
scientific experiment successfully completed during the legendary Apollo 13
mission.
S-IVBs IN HELIOCENTRIC ORBIT
Mission Lunch Date Date of Lunar Lunar Radius (nm)
Close Approach at C/A
Apollo 8 21/12/1968 24/12/1968 1620
Apollo 9 03/03/1969 ---------- ----
Apollo 10 18/05/1969 21/05/1969 2619
Apollo 11 16/07/1969 19/07/1969 2763
Apollo 12 14/11/1969 18/11/1969 4020
S-IVBs IMPACTS ON THE MOON
Mission Launch Date Lunar Impact Date
Apollo 13 11/04/1970 15/04/1970
Apollo 14 31/01/1971 04/02/1971
Apollo 15 26/07/1971 30/07/1971
Apollo 16 16/04/1972 19/04/1972
Apollo 17 07/12/1972 10/12/1972
________________________________________________________________________
Luciano Anselmo Phone: +39-050-315-2952
Spaceflight Dynamics Section Fax (G3): +39-050-313-8091
CNUCE Institute Fax (G4): +39-050-313-8092
CNR - Area della Ricerca di Pisa
Via Alfieri 1
Loc. San Cataldo - Ghezzano E-Mail: Luciano.Anselmo@cnuce.cnr.it
56010 San Giuliano Terme CNUCE URL: http://www.cnuce.pi.cnr.it/
Pisa - Italy CNR Area URL: http://www.area.pi.cnr.it/
From svengrahn@mail.wineasy.se Thu Nov 16 06:15:45 2000
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2000 07:15:45 +0100
From: Sven Grahn svengrahn@mail.wineasy.se
Subject: [FPSPACE] Progress M1-4 picked up
As a matter of routine, signals from Progress M1-4, launched at 0132 UT
this morning, were picked up today in Stockholm, Sweden at 0607.20-0610.15
UT on 922.75 MHz and 166.0 MHz.
Sven Grahn
----------------------------------------------------
Mr Sven Grahn | Kettering Group
Rattviksvagen 44, S-192 71 Sollentuna, Sweden
Tel: +46 8 7541904, svengrahn@wineasy.se
http://www.users.wineasy.se/svengrahn/
----------------------------------------------------
From simon@japan.co.jp Thu Nov 16 11:21:55 2000
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2000 22:21:55 +1100
From: Simon Mansfield simon@japan.co.jp
Subject: [FPSPACE] Mir To be Destroyed Feb 27: Official
------------
STATION NEWS
Mir To be Destroyed Feb 27: Koptev
http://www.spacedaily.com/news/mir-00zzj.html
Moscow (AFP) Nov. 16, 2000 - Russia's ageing Mir space station, which has
been in orbit for 14 years, will be destroyed on February 27-28 next year,
Russian space agency chief, Yury Koptev said Thursday. In keeping with the
troubled history of the 14-year-old orbiter, the announcement led to
confusion, coming only minutes after the agency's top spokesman Sergei
Gorbunov said safety concerns had forced the decision to be delayed.
-------------------
TODAY'S QUICK LINKS
November 16, 2000
- Astrium Gets Ariane 5 To Bus Microsats To Orbit
http://www.spacedaily.com/news/astrium-00b.html
- Suicide satellites head for space
http://www.spacedaily.com/news/001116020340.s36jbhwb.html
- Panamsat Turns Full Circle As Replacement For Oldest Satellite Launched
http://www.spacedaily.com/news/panamsat-00l.html
- Israeli Microsat Shipped To Svobodny For Topol Launch
http://www.spacedaily.com/news/icbm-00m.html
- Will Iridium Bankruptcy Buyout Be Deal Of the Century
http://www.spacedaily.com/news/iridium-00e.html
- China Eyes Manned Space Flight
http://www.spacedaily.com/news/china-00zzp.html
- Expedition One Awaiting Progress
http://www.spacedaily.com/news/iss-00zzza.html
- Russia Cannot Predict Safe End To Mir As Reality Of De-Orbiting Looms
http://www.spacedaily.com/news/mir-00zzj.html
- Space cargo ship blasts off for the ISS
http://www.spacedaily.com/news/001116021921.2m59scj5.html
- Russia poised to confirm Mir's destruction
http://www.spacedaily.com/news/001115143327.oh6utavz.html
- Saturn Tilts Its Hat With Jupiter Close By
http://www.spacedaily.com/news/skynightly-00a.html
- Eyes to the skies, the Leonid meteor shower is back
http://www.spacedaily.com/news/001115160008.hlrsxreo.html
- US, EU far apart on role of forests in global warming
http://www.spacedaily.com/news/001115164816.ykpnrlrf.html
- Third World blasts rich countries at UN climate talks
http://www.spacedaily.com/news/001115123819.fhx3sbdp.html
From lklaes@bbn.com Thu Nov 16 13:38:35 2000
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2000 08:38:35 -0500
From: Larry Klaes lklaes@bbn.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] "Ways to the Moon?" in ESA Bulletin 103
The European Space Agency (ESA) Bulletin Number 103
for August, 2000 contains an article on the history of
lunar exploration and the various plans for sending the
proposed LunarSat probe to Earth's moon.
The article is available online in PDF format at this URL:
http://esapub.esrin.esa.it/bulletin/bullet103/biesbroek103.pdf
There is also an article on the inflatable re-entry
technology used to return the Fregat stage to Earth:
http://esapub.esrin.esa.it/bulletin/bullet103/marraffa103.pdf
Larry
From cmvdberg@wxs.nl Thu Nov 16 20:16:44 2000
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2000 21:16:44 +0100
From: C.M. vd Berg cmvdberg@wxs.nl
Subject: [FPSPACE] ISSCOM.003
Dit is een meerdelig bericht in MIME-indeling.
------=_NextPart_000_000F_01C05012.8B8ED140
Content-Type: multipart/alternative;
boundary="----=_NextPart_001_0010_01C05012.8B8ED140"
------=_NextPart_001_0010_01C05012.8B8ED140
Content-Type: text/plain;
charset="koi8-r"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
------=_NextPart_001_0010_01C05012.8B8ED140
Content-Type: text/html;
charset="koi8-r"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
------=_NextPart_001_0010_01C05012.8B8ED140--
------=_NextPart_000_000F_01C05012.8B8ED140
Content-Type: application/msword;
name="ISSCOM003.doc"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: attachment;
filename="ISSCOM003.doc"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------=_NextPart_000_000F_01C05012.8B8ED140--
From lklaes@bbn.com Fri Nov 17 03:53:38 2000
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2000 22:53:38 -0500
From: Larry Klaes lklaes@bbn.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Interview with ISS crew Shepherd and Krikalev
TAKING UP RESIDENCE IN SPACE
You think moving to another house is stressful? Try
relocating to outer space. Check out our interview
with the crew who moved into the International Space
Station (ISS) earlier this month.
http://www.popsci.com/scitech/news/001110.s.html
From JamesOberg@aol.com Fri Nov 17 04:06:28 2000
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2000 23:06:28 EST
From: JamesOberg@aol.com JamesOberg@aol.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] ALTAY CONCERNED OVER ROCKET DAMAGE TO ENVIRONMENT, HUMAN HEALTH
RUSSIA: ALTAY CONCERNED OVER DAMAGE TO ENVIRONMENT, HUMAN HEALTH
MOSCOW ITAR-TASS IN ENGLISH 1622 GMT 15 NOV 00
[BY VALENTIN PAVLOV]
BARNAUL, NOVEMBER 15 (ITAR-TASS) -- SCIENTISTS IN ALTAI, SOUTH SIBERIA,
CONTINUE RESEARCH INTO THE INFLUENCE OF THE MISSILE AND SPACE ACTIVITIES ON
HUMAN HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE TERRITORY.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT DESIGNED IN CONJUNCTION WITH
THE CHARITABLE PUBLIC ASSOCIATION "HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT" IS
BEING FUNDED BY THE U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
(USAID) WHICH HAS EARMARKED 60,000 DOLLARS FOR THE PURPOSE,
ASSOCIATION PRESIDENT GALINA GUBINA TOLD ITAR-TASS ON WEDNESDAY.
ACCORDING TO HER, THE USAID GRANT WILL PAY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT
OF SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGIES FOR CONTINUED ANALYSES OF THE SAMPLES OF
SOIL AND TREE BARK COLLECTED BY POST-GRADUATE STUDENTS AND
ASSOCIATES OF THE BARNAUL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES DURING
THEIR EXPEDITIONS TO THE BAIKONUR SPACE PORT AND THE SEMIPALATINSK
NUCLEAR TEST RANGE.
THE RESEARCHERS SAY THAT MUCH HARM TO HUMAN HEALTH AND THE
ENVIRONMENT IS BEING DONE BY THE DISCARDED STAGES OF THE BOOSTER
ROCKETS WHICH FALL IN ALTAI TERRITORY AFTER SPACE LAUNCHES IN
BAIKONUR.
ANOTHER CONCERN IS CAUSED BY THE DECOMMISSIONING OF THE
INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES WITH NUCLEAR CHARGES AND THE
DESTRUCTION OF THE LAUNCH SILOS WHERE THE BALLISTIC MISSILES HAD
BEEN ON SERVICE. HOWEVER, CHAIRMAN OF A SPECIAL COMMISSION IN
CHARGE OF LOOKING INTO THE IMPACT OF THE PROCESSES ON HUMAN HEALTH,
VICE- GOVERNOR OF ALTAI YAKOV SHOIKHET TOLD ITAR-TASS ON WEDNESDAY
THAT NO HARMFUL EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH HAVE BEEN TRACED.
HIS STATEMENT WAS CONFIRMED BY THE SPECIALISTS OF THE
TERRITORIAL SANITARY SERVICE WHO HAVE BEEN MONITORING THE
ENVIRONMENT SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE LIQUIDATION OF THE ALEISK
DIVISION OF THE RUSSIAN STRATEGIC MISSILE FORCES. DEPUTY CHIEF
SANITARY DOCTOR YEVGENY KHOROSHEV DECLARED THAT THE EXPLOSION OF
THE FIRST TWO MISSILE SILOS IN NOVEMBER EXERCISED NO ADVERSE IMPACT
ON THE ENVIRONMENT. SAMPLES OF THE AIR, SOIL AND WATER WILL BE
TAKEN AFTER THE EXPLOSION OF EACH OF THE 30 MISSILES WHICH ARE
SLATED FOR ELIMINATION IN ALTAI.
From wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu Fri Nov 17 05:19:27 2000
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2000 00:19:27 -0500 (EST)
From: Dwayne Allen Day wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu
Subject: [FPSPACE] Tito to ISS?
Okay, I have reached the point where I don't believe anything
anymore. But here is the latest. By the way, didn't NASA already make it
clear that they didn't want any tourists while ISS was being
assembled? So NASA is already on record concerning this subject.
DDAY
*************************************
http://www.space.com/news/spacestation/tito_to_iss_001116.html
EXCLUSIVE: Dennis Tito Says It's 'Highly Likely' He Will Go to the ISS In
April 2001
By Anthony Duignan-Cabrera
The death knell may have tolled for the Mir space station, but for Dennis
Tito, the man intent on becoming the world's first space tourist, it's
music to his ears.
"I believe the chance of me going to Mir is less than 1 percent," Tito
said in an exclusive interview with SPACE.com, "but I think it is highly
likely that I will end up flying to the International Space Station
(ISS) on April 30."
Tito, an investment manager from Santa Monica, California, had hoped to
make a trip to the aging Russian spacecraft early next year. The former
NASA engineer had already paid part of the $20 million price tag for the
trip -- including almost $1 million that was earmarked for living and
training in Russia's Star City.
However the trip appeared to be canceled Thursday when Rosaviakosmos, the
Russian space agency, announced that after almost 15 years of operation
the station would be dumped into the Pacific Ocean on February 27, 2001.
Speaking from his apartment in Star City, an upbeat Tito said he was happy
with the agency's decision.
From svengrahn@mail.wineasy.se Fri Nov 17 06:14:11 2000
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2000 07:14:11 +0100
From: Sven Grahn svengrahn@mail.wineasy.se
Subject: [FPSPACE] Progress M1-4 again
Transmissions on 166.0 MHz and 922.75 MHz again heard from Progress M1-4,
17 November 2000, at 0603.10-0606.30 UT. This was entirely consistent with
the Space Command element set for rev. 10.
Sven Grahn
----------------------------------------------------
Mr Sven Grahn | Kettering Group
Rattviksvagen 44, S-192 71 Sollentuna, Sweden
Tel: +46 8 7541904, svengrahn@wineasy.se
http://www.users.wineasy.se/svengrahn/
----------------------------------------------------
From JamesOberg@aol.com Fri Nov 17 14:20:20 2000
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2000 09:20:20 EST
From: JamesOberg@aol.com JamesOberg@aol.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Russian Space Profits
JimO: Koptev has often said that Russian participation in ISS is the "cost of
doing business" to persuade Western governments not to interfere in these
REAL profits.
===
Space industry to be major earner for Russia this year
ITAR-TASS news agency, Moscow, in English 2007 gmt 15 Nov 00
Moscow, 15th November: Russia plans to earn about 800m dollars from
space services in 2000, according to the Russian Space and Aircraft Agency,
or Rosaviakosmos. The agency says revenue from space services grows steadily.
In 1993, they earned the budget 40m dollars, in 1998 880m dollars.
Rosaviakosmos experts say that Russia could have a package of commercial
contracts for 2bn dollars with a focus on space launches, while foreign space
agencies get up to 70 per cent of profits from communication and television
broadcasting services.
In 2000, Russia made 24 launches and put 35 satellites into orbit,
including 20 foreign ones. It plans to launch five more satellites by the end
of the year, including three foreign ones.
International space projects to bring Russia 800m dollars in 2000
RIA news agency, Moscow, in Russian 2119 gmt 15 Nov 00
Moscow, 15th November: Russia can earn up to 2bn dollars a year on
international cooperation in space, the Russian Space and Aircraft Agency
told RIA on the eve of the cabinet session at which the implementation of
Russia's international commitments in space will be considered.
Russia made 40m dollars on international space cooperation in 1993, 880m
dollars in 1998 and 620m dollars in 1999. This year the incomes are expected
as 800m dollars, the agency said. Cooperation in this field creates about
100,000 jobs in Russia.
The main stake is made on the ISS project. Russia will launch five cargo
ships and two manned ships to the International Space Station in the near
future.
In 2000 Russia launched 24 boosters which took to space orbits 35
satellites including 20 foreign ones. Five more spacecraft including three
foreign ones will be launched by the end of the year.
From kgottschalk@uwc.ac.za Fri Nov 17 17:50:00 2000
Date: 17 Nov 2000 19:50:00 +0200
From: Keith Gottschalk kgottschalk@uwc.ac.za
Subject: [FPSPACE] wow ! It's Asif !
My copy of Asif Siddiqi's 1011 pages has just reached Cape Town - & note the roll call of honour in Acknowledgements to FPSPACE-ers:
Phillip Clark, James Harford, Charles Vick, Mark Wade, David Woods etc.
& equally amazing. The USG Printing Office had my credit card no. rejected - though I had at least five times the cost of Mr. Siddiqi in it. No doubt South African foreign exchange red tape. But instead of writing that they will wait until a bank draft reaches them before posting my order, the Superintendent of Documents clerk trusted me enough, even after the suspicious credit card rejection, to airmail straight away "Challenge to Apollo" to me, trusting the alien foreign customer to send on the US$98-75 by other means.
Are we astronautics & astronomy fans such an honest lot? Are "colourful cosmonautics" characters such rareties that we can be trusted? Maybe the US Printing Office knows that we WANT Mr. Siddiqi & NASA to get their royalties, like a fan club :) :)
From wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu Fri Nov 17 19:05:10 2000
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2000 14:05:10 -0500 (EST)
From: Dwayne Allen Day wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu
Subject: [FPSPACE] wow ! It's Asif !
On Fri, 17 Nov 2000, Keith Gottschalk wrote:
> My copy of Asif Siddiqi's 1011 pages has just reached Cape Town
It weighs in at four and a half pounds (which equals about 6.3 decaliters
in the metric system).
> writing that they will wait until a bank draft reaches them before
> posting my order, the Superintendent of Documents clerk trusted me
> enough, even after the suspicious credit card rejection, to airmail
> straight away "Challenge to Apollo" to me, trusting the alien foreign
> customer to send on the US$98-75 by other means.
No trust involved: The US has nukes.
> cosmonautics" characters such rareties that we can be trusted? Maybe
> the US Printing Office knows that we WANT Mr. Siddiqi & NASA to get
> their royalties, like a fan club :) :)
Royalties? Hah! You're joking!
DDAY
From kyger@spacelines.com Sat Nov 18 02:27:33 2000
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2000 21:27:33 -0500
From: Tim Kyger kyger@spacelines.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] The N-1 Papers.
This might be a leeeeetle off topic, but nevertheless I think that the
following item -will- be of interest to the members of this listserv.
If you point your browser at http://www.currell.net/models/ you will see
available for free download a paper N-1 model.
For all of you out there (like me) who -have- to have such a thing, and
don't want to spend the $140-ish on the resin N-1 kit...
From ras39@idt.net Sat Nov 18 02:39:23 2000
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2000 21:39:23 -0500
From: Randy Segal ras39@idt.net
Subject: [FPSPACE] current crews
Would someone please post the current cosmonaut teams that are in
training as well as who currently makes up the current cosmonaut corp.
(first and last names) Thank you.
Randy Segal
From svengrahn@mail.wineasy.se Sat Nov 18 10:53:00 2000
Date: Sat, 18 Nov 2000 11:53:00 +0100
From: Sven Grahn svengrahn@mail.wineasy.se
Subject: [FPSPACE] Article about STS-1 radio receptions added to my Web site
Dear Friends,
I have added yet another historical piece to my web site:
"STS-1 receptions in Florida made by Richard S Flagg"
* Go to my Web site http://www.users.wineasy.se/svengrahn
* Click on "What's New"?
* Select entry for 18 November, 2000
Cheers
Sven
----------------------------------------------------
Mr Sven Grahn | Kettering Group
Rattviksvagen 44, S-192 71 Sollentuna, Sweden
Tel: +46 8 7541904, svengrahn@wineasy.se
http://www.users.wineasy.se/svengrahn/
----------------------------------------------------
From steve@spaceflightnow.com Sat Nov 18 11:43:54 2000
Date: Sat, 18 Nov 2000 11:43:54 +0000
From: Steven Young steve@spaceflightnow.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Progress docks manually
There was high drama at the International Space Station last night when
Progress M1-4 failed to dock in the first automatic and manual attempts.
Gidzenko was eventually able to dock the Progress using the TORU system, but
with the station out of radio contact it made for some tense moments.
We have posted a full story and a QuickTime video of the Progress' failed
automatic approach and the switch to a manual docking:
http://spaceflightnow.com/ops/stage4a/001118p2dock/
The direct link to the video is:
http://spaceflightnow.com/ops/stage4a/video/001118progress_qt.html
This is an 883k QuickTime 4 file.
From wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu Sat Nov 18 15:00:06 2000
Date: Sat, 18 Nov 2000 10:00:06 -0500 (EST)
From: Dwayne Allen Day wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu
Subject: [FPSPACE] Progress docks manually
On Sat, 18 Nov 2000, Steven Young wrote:
> There was high drama at the International Space Station last night when
> Progress M1-4 failed to dock in the first automatic and manual attempts.
> Gidzenko was eventually able to dock the Progress using the TORU system, but
> with the station out of radio contact it made for some tense moments.
I had NASA TV on at the time (solely by accident--I was bored) and I
wouldn't call it "high drama." It was mostly dull and played out over a
blank TV screen for about an hour or so with nothing but droning
commentary. This is one reason why I am so skeptical about plans to turn
space into entertainment--much of it is very boring unless you really know
what is going on and what the stakes are.
> We have posted a full story and a QuickTime video of the Progress' failed
> automatic approach and the switch to a manual docking:
>
> http://spaceflightnow.com/ops/stage4a/001118p2dock/
This is quite nice. I missed the initial failure of the automatic docking
system. Spaceflight now has the video. The site's greatest strength is
that it provides a lot of great videos of space operations. It is
definitely worth going to spaceflightnow.com and checking out the various
videos they have there. Neat stuff.
DDAY
From JamesOberg@aol.com Sat Nov 18 15:03:34 2000
Date: Sat, 18 Nov 2000 10:03:34 EST
From: JamesOberg@aol.com JamesOberg@aol.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Progress docks manually
This contingency validates the decision to wait for the launch of the crew so
the TORU backup was available. This was the first automatic docking to the
FGB nadir port, and there were some tricky KURS control "handovers" during
the process that worried, justifiably, the planners. Their instincts -- and
the skill of the flight crew -- were right on target. Well done to all!!
From albonnici@vol.net.mt Sun Nov 19 06:58:28 2000
Date: Sun, 19 Nov 2000 07:58:28 +0100
From: Alex Michael Bonnici albonnici@vol.net.mt
Subject: [FPSPACE] Search for Extraterrestrial Visitation (SETV): A Scientific Search for
Visitation From Extraterrestrial Probes
--------------543F6CF3A1E0F7569FD3BCD0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Search for Extraterrestrial Visitation (SETV): A Scientific Search for
Visitation From Extraterrestrial Probes
Hello Gang,
I found a number of interesting articles concerning the
Search for Extraterrestrial Artefacts, in particular Bracewell/Von
Neumann at the following web site: http://www.setv.org/ and also some
interesting references concerning Dr. Paul LaViolette's theories on the
possible artificiality of Pulsars, and there use as Interstellar Radio
Beacons at the OPEN SETI web site:
http://www.zeitlin.net/OpenSETI/Opening.html in particular at the
following sub page:
The Forgotten Challenge: Pulsars
http://www.zeitlin.net/OpenSETI/OSPulsars.html. Dr. Paul LaViolette also
has his own web site at: http://www.etheric.com .
Is anyone taking any of LaViolette's ideas seriously? To be quite frank
The Welcome to the Sphinx Stargate and The Open SETI pages seem to
combine pseudoscientific ideas with mainstream science. There is allot
of reference given to the ideas recently popularize by Robert Bauval and
Graham Hancock concerning lost civilizations, Atlantis, and Global
Catastrophes.
Does anyone here have any background information concerning Dr. Paul
LaViolette?
Alex Michael Bonnici
httop://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/8505
--------------543F6CF3A1E0F7569FD3BCD0
Content-Type: text/html; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Search for Extraterrestrial Visitation (SETV): A Scientific Search for
Visitation From Extraterrestrial Probes
Hello Gang,
I found a number of interesting articles concerning the Search for Extraterrestrial
Artefacts, in particular Bracewell/Von Neumann at the following web site:
http://www.setv.org/ and also some interesting references concerning
Dr. Paul LaViolette's theories on the possible artificiality of Pulsars,
and there use as Interstellar Radio Beacons at the OPEN SETI web site:
http://www.zeitlin.net/OpenSETI/Opening.html in particular at the following
sub page:
The Forgotten Challenge: Pulsars http://www.zeitlin.net/OpenSETI/OSPulsars.html.
Dr. Paul LaViolette also has his own web site at: http://www.etheric.com
.
Is anyone taking any of LaViolette's ideas seriously? To be quite
frank The Welcome to the Sphinx Stargate and The Open SETI pages seem to
combine pseudoscientific ideas with mainstream science. There is allot
of reference given to the ideas recently popularize by Robert Bauval and
Graham Hancock concerning lost civilizations, Atlantis, and Global Catastrophes.
Does anyone here have any background information concerning Dr. Paul
LaViolette?
Alex Michael Bonnici
httop://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/8505
--------------543F6CF3A1E0F7569FD3BCD0--
From wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu Sun Nov 19 23:06:06 2000
Date: Sun, 19 Nov 2000 18:06:06 -0500 (EST)
From: Dwayne Allen Day wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu
Subject: [FPSPACE] Russian space science missions?
From:
http://www.flatoday.com/space/explore/stories/2000b/111900b.htm
November 19, 2000
Russia sets priorities for unmanned space missions
Copyright 2000, Interfax News Agency
MOSCOW (Interfax) - There are two priorities for next year's unmanned
space flights, namely the Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma project and the Integral
satellite, chief of the Russian Aerospace Agency Yuri Koptev said at a
news conference at Government House on Thursday.
The Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma project has been developed for more than a
decade by ten European countries, which have produced $300 million worth
of scientific equipment, Koptev said.
It will be a scientific observatory made up of satellites with which to
study deep space. The telescopes that have been designed for the project
are unique and "make it possible to look deep inside the universe," Koptev
remarked.
All of the equipment has been brought to Russia, which is working on a
platform for the apparatuses and the launch into orbit, he said.
Alas, financing for the work has been stopped and the search for funds is
under way in negotiations with European countries, among them France,
Germany and Austria.
[snipped mention of Integral satellite and contract with ESA]
*********************************
Does anybody know anything more on the Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma satellite
deal? Specifically, was the agreement that ESA would provide the
instruments and Russia the spacecraft bus and launch vehicle?
It just hit me that we hardly hear anything about Russian unmanned space
science plans anymore. Is there anything else in the works? Planetary
missions would appear to be too costly, but do the Russians have any plans
for observatory missions?
DDAY
From raoul.lannoy@pandora.be Fri Nov 17 18:13:01 2000
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2000 19:13:01 +0100
From: Raoul Lannoy raoul.lannoy@pandora.be
Subject: [FPSPACE] Tito to Alpha ?
Hello all!
So mr Tito believes he will actually return back from Alpha with the Soyuz
spacecraft that is presently docked to the Station?
Very hard to believe it!
http://www.space.com/news/spacestation/tito_to_iss_001116.html
Cheers
Raoul Lannoy
Nerviersstraat 19
2018 Antwerpen, Belgium
Tel: 32.3.288.55.67 GSM:0486.89.24.61
51d12m25sN-4d25m21sE
http://membres.tripod.fr/Ad_Astra/index-11.html
http://users.pandora.be/raoul.lannoy/index.htm
From JamesOberg@aol.com Mon Nov 20 14:41:34 2000
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2000 09:41:34 EST
From: JamesOberg@aol.com JamesOberg@aol.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Tito to Alpha ?
In a message dated 11/20/00 8:34:54 AM Central Standard Time,
raoul.lannoy@pandora.be writes: << Very hard to believe it! >>
Not so hard at all. Although NASA is unhappy at the idea, Russia retains full
authority to choose the occupant of the third Soyuz seat.
If NASA doesn't want an untrained individual aboard the Node/Lab, that's
fine, too. All the best windows -- and the toilet -- are in the Russian
segment.
Apparently the extra seat on the second Soyuz (November 2001) is taken by a
French spationaut. And the two swap-Soyuzes in 2002 will be carrying, by
current plan, full expedition crews, so no extra seats there.
That leaves the option of additional non-swap Soyuzes on dedicated up-down
missions of several weeks duration, also.
Yes, it could happen, and it's just as good a reason to send money to Russia,
as is NASA's long string of "future services" deals to slip extra cash into
Rosaviakosmos's pocket now and then when things get really desperate.
From foxd@indiana.edu Mon Nov 20 15:16:53 2000
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2000 10:16:53 -0500 (EST)
From: Daniel Boyd Fox foxd@indiana.edu
Subject: [FPSPACE] Re: SETI public: Search for Extraterrestrial Visitation (SETV): A Scientific Search for Visitation From Extraterrestrial Probes
I looked at the pages and was not impressed. I would be interested in
taking a look at Dr. Paul LaViolette's book though, just to see what his
arguments are and if they look reasonable. I will say a lot of what I saw
on his webpage was what I consider pseudo-science.
The Open SETI pages argued that SETI was not scientific. They argue that
no hypothesis are tested and no data is gathered. I guess they don't
consider setting limits on the distribution of interstellar science as
science.
73,
Daniel Fox
KF9ET
On Sun, 19 Nov 2000, Alex Michael Bonnici wrote:
> Search for Extraterrestrial Visitation (SETV): A Scientific Search for
> Visitation From Extraterrestrial Probes
>
> Hello Gang,
> I found a number of interesting articles concerning the
> Search for Extraterrestrial Artefacts, in particular Bracewell/Von
> Neumann at the following web site: http://www.setv.org/ and also some
> interesting references concerning Dr. Paul LaViolette's theories on the
> possible artificiality of Pulsars, and there use as Interstellar Radio
> Beacons at the OPEN SETI web site:
> http://www.zeitlin.net/OpenSETI/Opening.html in particular at the
> following sub page:
> The Forgotten Challenge: Pulsars
> http://www.zeitlin.net/OpenSETI/OSPulsars.html. Dr. Paul LaViolette also
> has his own web site at: http://www.etheric.com .
>
> Is anyone taking any of LaViolette's ideas seriously? To be quite frank
> The Welcome to the Sphinx Stargate and The Open SETI pages seem to
> combine pseudoscientific ideas with mainstream science. There is allot
> of reference given to the ideas recently popularize by Robert Bauval and
> Graham Hancock concerning lost civilizations, Atlantis, and Global
> Catastrophes.
>
> Does anyone here have any background information concerning Dr. Paul
> LaViolette?
>
> Alex Michael Bonnici
>
> httop://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/8505
>
From wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu Mon Nov 20 15:47:08 2000
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2000 10:47:08 -0500 (EST)
From: Dwayne Allen Day wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu
Subject: [FPSPACE] Tito to Alpha ?
On Mon, 20 Nov 2000 JamesOberg@aol.com wrote:
> In a message dated 11/20/00 8:34:54 AM Central Standard Time,
> raoul.lannoy@pandora.be writes: << Very hard to believe it! >>
>
> Not so hard at all. Although NASA is unhappy at the idea, Russia retains full
> authority to choose the occupant of the third Soyuz seat.
However, if you read the space.com article, they quote a Russian space
official (Gorbunov?) saying that it will not happen. He also says that
they do not feel that Tito has a "valid cosmonaut certificate," whatever
that means.
It is interesting to note that Energia and the Russian space agency seem
to be at odds over this stuff--Energia wants to do a lot of things that
the Russian space agency does not want them to do.
DDAY
From JamesOberg@aol.com Mon Nov 20 15:56:17 2000
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2000 10:56:17 EST
From: JamesOberg@aol.com JamesOberg@aol.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Tito to Alpha ?
In a message dated 11/20/00 9:41:21 AM Central Standard Time,
wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu writes:
<< It is interesting to note that Energia and the Russian space agency seem
to be at odds over this stuff--Energia wants to do a lot of things that
the Russian space agency does not want them to do. >>
Yes, this is the crux of the crisis. It is the lock -- and money is the key.
From clj@emc.com Mon Nov 20 16:09:35 2000
Date: 20 Nov 2000 11:09:35 -0500
From: Chris Jones clj@emc.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] "Ways to the Moon?" in ESA Bulletin 103
Larry Klaes writes:
The European Space Agency (ESA) Bulletin Number 103
for August, 2000 contains an article on the history of
lunar exploration and the various plans for sending the
proposed LunarSat probe to Earth's moon.
The article is available online in PDF format at this URL:
http://esapub.esrin.esa.it/bulletin/bullet103/biesbroek103.pdf
This is a very interesting article. A few nits which do not detract from the
main thrust of the article:
Luna 1 flew by the moon on 2 January 1959, not 1 February (obviously an
internationalization issue: either 2/1 or 1/2 was decoded incorrectly).
Despite the fact that the US DoD designations for both launchers are SL-3, the
early Lunas were launched on a launcher with a somewhat different upper stage
than the Vostok launcher has (different engines).
Zond 5 didn't return to earth from lunar orbit, but after flying around the
moon without entering lunar orbit (unless what is meant is returning from the
vicinity of the moon's orbit).
From raoul.lannoy@pandora.be Mon Nov 20 17:16:30 2000
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2000 18:16:30 +0100
From: Raoul Lannoy raoul.lannoy@pandora.be
Subject: [FPSPACE] Tito and Claudie to Alpha ?
>
>Apparently the extra seat on the second Soyuz (November 2001) is taken by a
>French spationaut. And the two swap-Soyuzes in 2002 will be carrying, by
>current plan, full expedition crews, so no extra seats there.
There was a rumor Claudie Andre-Deshayes will soon go to Moscow for a
flight.
Claudie has trained to fly the Soyuz (only woman to do this) like Thomas
Reiter.
She did this when here husband Haignere was aboard Mir.
So, could she be the "spacionaute"in question?
(I still don't like the word "spationaute" or "spacionaute" and I'm sure
they don't really like it either, themselves-a little too politicized, not
romantic fo a cent:-).
Raoul
From albonnici@vol.net.mt Mon Nov 20 18:11:09 2000
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2000 19:11:09 +0100
From: Alex Michael Bonnici albonnici@vol.net.mt
Subject: [FPSPACE] On the Artificiality of Pulsars and Re: SETI public: Search for
Extraterrestrial Visitation (SETV): A Scientific Search for Visitation
From Extraterrestrial Probes
Hello Daniel,
I agree with you. One of the problems I had with the OPEN SETI
article was with regard to the distribution of Pulsars in the Milky Way Galaxy
either. Another problem I had with the article in the OPEN SETI site was the
statement that most Super Nova explosions take place towards the Galactic
centre. Wouldn't most Super Nova explosions occur in the Galactic plane near
the spiral arms where we find the highest concentration of interstellar gas,
and, thus the most active sites for stellar birth and evolution (including
stellar death). The reason I became interested in the possibility that Pulsar
may be extraterrestrial artefacts was the October 2000 issue of Popular
Mechanics mentioned this idea.
But, again I must ask the question: Does anyone here have any background
information concerning Dr. Paul LaViolette? Has he ever published any work in
a peer reviewed journal?
Alex Michael Bonnici
Daniel Boyd Fox wrote:
> I looked at the pages and was not impressed. I would be interested in
> taking a look at Dr. Paul LaViolette's book though, just to see what his
> arguments are and if they look reasonable. I will say a lot of what I saw
> on his webpage was what I consider pseudo-science.
>
> The Open SETI pages argued that SETI was not scientific. They argue that
> no hypothesis are tested and no data is gathered. I guess they don't
> consider setting limits on the distribution of interstellar science as
> science.
>
> 73,
> Daniel Fox
> KF9ET
>
> On Sun, 19 Nov 2000, Alex Michael Bonnici wrote:
>
> > Search for Extraterrestrial Visitation (SETV): A Scientific Search for
> > Visitation From Extraterrestrial Probes
> >
> > Hello Gang,
> > I found a number of interesting articles concerning the
> > Search for Extraterrestrial Artefacts, in particular Bracewell/Von
> > Neumann at the following web site: http://www.setv.org/ and also some
> > interesting references concerning Dr. Paul LaViolette's theories on the
> > possible artificiality of Pulsars, and there use as Interstellar Radio
> > Beacons at the OPEN SETI web site:
> > http://www.zeitlin.net/OpenSETI/Opening.html in particular at the
> > following sub page:
> > The Forgotten Challenge: Pulsars
> > http://www.zeitlin.net/OpenSETI/OSPulsars.html. Dr. Paul LaViolette also
> > has his own web site at: http://www.etheric.com .
> >
> > Is anyone taking any of LaViolette's ideas seriously? To be quite frank
> > The Welcome to the Sphinx Stargate and The Open SETI pages seem to
> > combine pseudoscientific ideas with mainstream science. There is allot
> > of reference given to the ideas recently popularize by Robert Bauval and
> > Graham Hancock concerning lost civilizations, Atlantis, and Global
> > Catastrophes.
> >
> > Does anyone here have any background information concerning Dr. Paul
> > LaViolette?
> >
> > Alex Michael Bonnici
> >
> > httop://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/8505
> >
>
> _______________________________________________
> FPSPACE mailing list
> FPSPACE@friends-partners.org
> http://fpmail.friends-partners.org/mailman/listinfo.cgi/fpspace
From ydutil@ma2.upc.es Mon Nov 20 19:51:25 2000
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2000 19:51:25 +0000
From: Yvan Dutil ydutil@ma2.upc.es
Subject: [FPSPACE] Re: On the Artificiality of Pulsars and Re: SETI public: Search for
Extraterrestrial Visitation (SETV): A Scientific Search for Visitation
From Extraterrestrial Probes
Alex Michael Bonnici wrote:
> Hello Daniel,
> I agree with you. One of the problems I had with the OPEN SETI
> article was with regard to the distribution of Pulsars in the Milky Way Galaxy
> either. Another problem I had with the article in the OPEN SETI site was the
> statement that most Super Nova explosions take place towards the Galactic
> centre. Wouldn't most Super Nova explosions occur in the Galactic plane near
> the spiral arms where we find the highest concentration of interstellar gas,
> and, thus the most active sites for stellar birth and evolution (including
> stellar death). The reason I became interested in the possibility that Pulsar
> may be extraterrestrial artefacts was the October 2000 issue of Popular
> Mechanics mentioned this idea.
>
> But, again I must ask the question: Does anyone here have any background
> information concerning Dr. Paul LaViolette? Has he ever published any work in
> a peer reviewed journal?
>
> Alex Michael Bonnici
Laviolette is a "soft" crackpot it has published in peer review journal but he
support the theory of a static universe with a continuous mater formation.
No exactly a main stream scientist. His expertise is mostly on the effect of
supernova of the terrestrial environnement.
Most of its citation are about how wrong his is in his assumptions. He has
a Ph.D. but it is not the prototype of a world class scientist.
Yvan Dutil
From foxd@indiana.edu Mon Nov 20 18:58:22 2000
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2000 13:58:22 -0500 (EST)
From: Daniel Boyd Fox foxd@indiana.edu
Subject: [FPSPACE] Re: On the Artificiality of Pulsars and Re: SETI public: Search for Extraterrestrial Visitation (SETV): A Scientific Search for Visitation From Extraterrestrial Probes
Hi Alex,
I did a quick search and found a few publications which I listed below. I
noticed during my search he has been picked up by the UFO crowd and he is
a firm believer in Cold Fusion. I'm not quite sure what to make of him
and his ideas until I get a chance to read his book.
73,
Daniel Fox
KF9ET
LaViolette. P. A. "Galactic Explosions, Cosmic Dust Invasions, and
Climatic Change." Ph.D. dissertation, Portland State University, Portland
Oregon, August 1983.
LaViolette, P. A. "The terminal Pleistocene cosmic event: Evidence of
recent incursion of nebular material into the Solar System." Eos 64
(1983):286. American Geophysical Union paper, Baltimore, Maryland.
LaViolette, P. A. "Cosmic ray volleys from the Galactic Center and
their recent impact on the Earth environment." Earth, Moon, and Planets 37
(1987): 241.
LaViolette, P. A. Earth Under Fire. Alexandria, VA: Starlane
Publications, 1997.
LaViolette, P. A. "Elevated concentrations of cosmic dust in Wisconsin
stage polar ice." Meteoritics 18 (1983):336. Meteoritical Society paper,
Mainz, Germany.
LaViolette, P. A. "Evidence of high cosmic dust concentrations in Late
Pleistocene polar ice. Meteoritics 20 (1985): 545
LaViolette, P. A. "Evidence in Antarctic Ice of a Prolonged Enhanced
Solar Wind Outflow at the End of the Last Ice Age." (2000) submitted for
publication.
LaViolette, P. A. The Talk of the Galaxy. Alexandria, VA:
Starlane Publications, 2000, p. 55.
From john.b.charles1@jsc.nasa.gov Mon Nov 20 20:06:03 2000
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2000 14:06:03 -0600
From: CHARLES, JOHN B. (JSC-SF2) john.b.charles1@jsc.nasa.gov
Subject: [FPSPACE] RE: SETI public: Search for Extraterrestrial Visitation (SETV): A
Scientific Search for Visitation From Extraterrestrial Probes
Slightly OT, but does anyone remember Duncan Lunan and his hypothesis that
an extraterrestrial probe in orbit around the Sun communicated briefly by
delayed-echoing of Earthly radio transmissions? I read his article in
Analog many years ago. Seems like he has made an occasional return to
public print with the same or modified ideas.
Question: How might we recognize an alien artifact? Maybe one of the
Earth-crossing asteroids? Maybe 2000SG34 (if that is the right number?)
isn't an Apollo S-4B or even Luna-16's Blok-D (there--back on topic!) but a
visitor.
John Charles
Houston, Texas
From JamesOberg@aol.com Mon Nov 20 20:29:32 2000
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2000 15:29:32 EST
From: JamesOberg@aol.com JamesOberg@aol.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] RE: SETI public: Search for Extraterrestrial Visitation (SETV):...
In a message dated 11/20/00 2:08:26 PM Central Standard Time,
john.b.charles1@jsc.nasa.gov writes:
<< Slightly OT, but does anyone remember Duncan Lunan and his hypothesis that
an extraterrestrial probe in orbit around the Sun communicated briefly by
delayed-echoing of Earthly radio transmissions? I read his article in
Analog many years ago. Seems like he has made an occasional return to
public print with the same or modified ideas. >>
I think Duncan realized that the LDEs -- the long-delayed echoes -- were a
natural ionospheric phenomena -- you can probably do a search on "LDE" and
get all the reports you can stand -- and that his 'star map' was an
over-interpretation of noise.
From dfowler@gwgate.lib.iastate.edu Mon Nov 20 17:39:51 2000
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2000 11:39:51 -0600
From: David Fowler dfowler@gwgate.lib.iastate.edu
Subject: [FPSPACE] Tito to Alpha ?
David C. Fowler
Electronic Resources Coordinator
Iowa State University
204 Parks Library
Ames, IA 50011
dfowler@iastate.edu
work (515) 294-0422
fax (515) 294-5525
>>> 11/20/00 08:41AM >>>
Apparently the extra seat on the second Soyuz (November 2001) is taken by a
French spationaut. And the two swap-Soyuzes in 2002 will be carrying, by
current plan, full expedition crews, so no extra seats there.
Is this correct, Jim?
I know expedition 7 (Malenchenko/Moshchenko/Lu) is a Soyuz launch in late '02, but the last I heard, Expedition 6 (Bowersox/Thomas/Budarin) was still set for STS-114.
Dave
From i-cosmos@mtu-net.ru Tue Nov 21 06:39:54 2000
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2000 09:39:54 +0300
From: Igor Lissov i-cosmos@mtu-net.ru
Subject: [FPSPACE] QuickBird 1 launch failed
Hi all,
> QuickBird 1 should have been launched from Plesetsk Area 132 by
> Kosmos-3M launch vehicle November 20 at 22:00 UTC.
> Intended orbit inclination is 66 deg.
The launch failed. No confirmation was received of objects at intended
orbit.
OIG has the following elset:
QUICKBIRD 1 Decayed: 2000/11/21
1 26617U 00074A 00325.94892426 -.00001935 61190-5 00000+0 0 11
2 26617 65.7786 26.7900 0395802 357.8580 2.0863 15.73746337 05
This corresponds to orbit of 84x616 kilometers. Obviously, second stage
failure to circularize orbit, or large error in velocity vector pointing.
Launch has been delayed one hour due to problems at a U.S. ground station.
Igor Marinin, Igor Lissov
Novosti Kosmonavtiki
Moscow, Russia
From brharvey@iol.ie Tue Nov 21 15:44:20 2000
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2000 07:44:20 -0800
From: Brian Harvey brharvey@iol.ie
Subject: [FPSPACE] Spektr Roentgen Gamma
Spektr Roentgen Gamma
Dwayne Allen Day asked about the Spektr Roentgen Gamma project. My
understanding is that Russia approached the European Space Agency in advance
of the October 2000 ESA Council meeting asking for €20m in exchange for
ESA's full access to the scientific data arising. However, I don't have the
text of the actual ESA decision at the end of the day.
In advance of the meeting, each country was asked individually for support
for the proposal. I know that the Irish government representative was asked
to support the Russian proposal.
On other Russian scientific missions, I know that Koronas F is still in the
pipeline (the first Koronas was in 1994). I have heard a date of 2001.
Brian Harvey
From wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu Tue Nov 21 15:45:18 2000
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2000 10:45:18 -0500 (EST)
From: Dwayne Allen Day wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu
Subject: [FPSPACE] QuickBird 1 launch failed
On Tue, 21 Nov 2000, Igor Lissov wrote:
> > QuickBird 1 should have been launched from Plesetsk Area 132 by
> > Kosmos-3M launch vehicle November 20 at 22:00 UTC.
> > Intended orbit inclination is 66 deg.
>
> The launch failed. No confirmation was received of objects at intended
> orbit. OIG has the following elset:
Does this mean that the rocket failed in flight or that it was never
launched?
If this is a launch failure and the bird was destroyed, that would be the
latest in a number of disasters for the US commercial remote sensing
industry. Lockheed lost its first Ikonos bird on an Athena out of
Vandenberg, and I think an earlier imaging satellite was lost on a Russian
launch vehicle (START?).
DDAY
From John.Nolan@aero.org Tue Nov 21 16:19:36 2000
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2000 08:19:36 -0800
From: Nolan John R Aerospace John.Nolan@aero.org
Subject: [FPSPACE] QuickBird 1 launch failed
The first attempt by EarthWatch was also a failure several years ago when
the EarlyBird-1 satellite failed to communicate with the ground after it's
successful launch from Russia.
-----Original Message-----
From: Dwayne Allen Day [mailto:wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu]
Sent: Tuesday, November 21, 2000 7:42 AM
To: John.R.Nolan@aero.org
Cc: fpspace@friends-partners.org
Subject: Re: [FPSPACE] QuickBird 1 launch failed
On Tue, 21 Nov 2000, Igor Lissov wrote:
> > QuickBird 1 should have been launched from Plesetsk Area 132 by
> > Kosmos-3M launch vehicle November 20 at 22:00 UTC.
> > Intended orbit inclination is 66 deg.
>
> The launch failed. No confirmation was received of objects at intended
> orbit. OIG has the following elset:
Does this mean that the rocket failed in flight or that it was never
launched?
If this is a launch failure and the bird was destroyed, that would be the
latest in a number of disasters for the US commercial remote sensing
industry. Lockheed lost its first Ikonos bird on an Athena out of
Vandenberg, and I think an earlier imaging satellite was lost on a Russian
launch vehicle (START?).
DDAY
_______________________________________________
FPSPACE mailing list
FPSPACE@friends-partners.org
http://fpmail.friends-partners.org/mailman/listinfo.cgi/fpspace
From clj@emc.com Tue Nov 21 16:46:07 2000
Date: 21 Nov 2000 11:46:07 -0500
From: Chris Jones clj@emc.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] QuickBird 1 launch failed
Dwayne Allen Day writes:
On Tue, 21 Nov 2000, Igor Lissov wrote:
> > QuickBird 1 should have been launched from Plesetsk Area 132 by
> > Kosmos-3M launch vehicle November 20 at 22:00 UTC.
> > Intended orbit inclination is 66 deg.
>
> The launch failed. No confirmation was received of objects at intended
> orbit. OIG has the following elset:
Does this mean that the rocket failed in flight or that it was never
launched?
The first. An element set implies that there was an object launched to be
tracked. With that perigee, the satellite couldn't survive many orbits (I'd
guess one). The second stage is reported to have shut down early.
From rcb1@lccc.edu Tue Nov 21 21:50:04 2000
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2000 16:50:04 -0500
From: Ron Blue rcb1@lccc.edu
Subject: [FPSPACE] Re: SETI public: Search for Extraterrestrial Visitation (SETV): A Scientific Search for Visitation From Extraterrestrial Probes
This is a multi-part message in MIME format.
------=_NextPart_000_00B7_01C053DB.18F18AC0
Content-Type: text/plain;
charset="iso-8859-1"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Dr. Paul LaViolette's theories on the possible artificiality of =
Pulsars, and there use as Interstellar Radio Beacons=20
>>>>>>>
I had suggested recently that Dr. Ron Spencer's work on Spectral =
Associative Memories might be useful
for SETI. It performs extremely well in a noise environment with very =
low power. An interesting effect is an occasional high output with no =
signal in that output. I have a link to his paper at my site.
Ron Blue
http://turn.to.ai
http://msnhomepages.talkcity.com/LaGrangeLn/ronaldblue/index.html
Correlational Opponent Processing=20
Essentials of Learning in Conscious AI and Biological Systems=20
Quantum Coherence Has Been Demonstrated In The Brain=20
Little Ricci's First Days: Robotic Developmental Psychology =20
Pictures of JCIS 2000 and Corey (Ricci's little sister)=20
JCIS 2000 conference and observations of Corey's Behavior=20
Comparison between Karl Pribram's "Holographic Brain Theory"
and more conventional models of neuronal computation=20
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$R. Spencer, Bipolar Spectral Associative Memories =
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
=20
------=_NextPart_000_00B7_01C053DB.18F18AC0
Content-Type: text/html;
charset="iso-8859-1"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Dr. Paul LaViolette's theories on the possible =
artificiality of=20
Pulsars, and there use as Interstellar Radio Beacons
>>>>>>>
I had suggested recently that Dr. Ron Spencer's work on =
Spectral=20
Associative Memories might be useful
for SETI. It performs extremely well in a noise =
environment=20
with very low power. An interesting effect is an =
occasional high=20
output with no signal in that output. I have a link to his =
paper at=20
my site.
Ron Blue
http://turn.to.ai
http://msnhomepages.talkcity.com/LaGrangeLn/ronaldblue/index.htmlCorrelational=20
Opponent Processing
Essentials of Learning in Conscious AI and =
Biological=20
Systems
Quantum Coherence Has Been Demonstrated In The Brain =
Little=20
Ricci's First Days: Robotic Developmental Psychology
Pictures =
of JCIS=20
2000 and Corey (Ricci's little sister)
JCIS 2000 conference and =
observations=20
of Corey's Behavior
Comparison between Karl Pribram's "Holographic =
Brain=20
Theory"
and more conventional models of neuronal computation=20
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$R. Spencer, Bipolar Spectral Associative Memories=20
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
------=_NextPart_000_00B7_01C053DB.18F18AC0--
From leebrandoncremer@hotmail.com Tue Nov 21 22:05:36 2000
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2000 22:05:36
From: lee brandon-cremer leebrandoncremer@hotmail.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Re: Claudie
Raoul,
I think you'll find that Claudie actually flew on Soyuz-TM24 in August of
1996.
On another note: Is Jim Oberg correct in regards to the 2002 ISS crews
flying on Soyuz?
Can someone reiterate the known list of ISS crews and their transport, for
confirmation.
Lee Brandon-Cremer
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Get more from the Web. FREE MSN Explorer download : http://explorer.msn.com
From kgottschalk@uwc.ac.za Wed Nov 22 10:25:07 2000
Date: 22 Nov 2000 12:25:07 +0200
From: Keith Gottschalk kgottschalk@uwc.ac.za
Subject: [FPSPACE] spatio-astro-cosmo-taiko- ?
>>(I still don't like the word "spationaute" or "spacionaute" and I'm sure
>they don't really like it either, themselves-a little too politicized, not
>romantic fo a cent:-).
>
>Raoul
In fact, was it not a French-speaking Brazilian pioneering aviator, who was the 1st to invent the word "astronaut", as well as inventing the joystick?
From JamesOberg@aol.com Wed Nov 22 16:23:44 2000
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2000 11:23:44 EST
From: JamesOberg@aol.com JamesOberg@aol.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Chinese Space Policy "White Paper"
--part1_a1.d6b9e92.274d4d10_boundary
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
I got the following (attached) summaries and fragments of the new Chinese
space policy from an AP reporter in Beijing, from Hsinhua News Agency. It
seems to be a very serious and significant document.
Jim Oberg
--part1_a1.d6b9e92.274d4d10_boundary
Content-Type: text/plain; name="chi-space-policy.txt"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Disposition: inline; filename="chi-space-policy.txt"
Subj:=09 space white paper
Date:=0911/22/00 3:08:47 AM Central Standard Time
From:=09mfackler@ap.org (Martin Fackler)
Thanks for chatting late on a Tuesday night. Unfortunately, I'm having t=
roubles downloading the entire white paper from Xinhua. (Problems of this so=
rt with Xinhua are not too uncommon, actually.) Anyway, here's the eight-pag=
e summary of the white paper that Xinhua also ran. Hope you find this usefu=
l.
Regards, Martin Fackler, AP, Beijing
> =14 China's Space Activities (White Paper Summary)=20
> =14 BEIJING, November 22 (Xinhua) -- The Information Office of the State=
Council published Wednesday a white paper, titled "China's Space Activities=
," which gives a brief introduction to the aims and principles, present situ=
ation, future development and international cooperation concerning China's s=
pace activities.
> =14 The white paper says that after the People's Republic of China was f=
ounded in 1949, China carried out space activities on its own, and succeeded=
in developing and launching its first man-made satellite in 1970.
> =14 China has made eye-catching achievements, and now ranks among the wo=
rld's most advanced countries in some important fields of space technology.=20=
In the 21st century, China will continue to promote the development of its s=
pace program in the light of its national situation, and make due contributi=
ons to the peaceful use of outer space, and to the civilization and progress=
of mankind.
> =14 According to the white paper, the Chinese government has all along r=
egarded the space industry as an integral part of the state 's comprehensive=
development strategy, and upheld that the exploration and utilization of ou=
ter space should be for peaceful purposes and benefit the whole of mankind.
> =14 The aims of China's space activities are: to explore outer space, an=
d learn more about the cosmos and the Earth; to utilize outer space for peac=
eful purposes, promote mankind's civilization and social progress, and benef=
it the whole of mankind; and to meet the growing demands of economic constru=
ction, national security, science and technology development and social prog=
ress, protect China's national interests and build up the comprehensive nati=
onal strength.
> =14 China carries out its space activities in accordance with the follow=
ing principles:
> =14 -- Adhering to the principle of long-term, stable and sustainable de=
velopment and making the development of space activities cater to and serve=20=
the state's comprehensive development strategy;
> =14 -- Upholding the principle of independence, self-reliance and self-r=
enovation and actively promoting international exchanges and cooperation;
> =14 -- Selecting a limited number of targets and making breakthroughs in=
key areas according to the national situation and strength;
> =14 -- Enhancing the social and economic returns of space activities and=
paying attention to the motivation of technological progress; and
> =14 -- Sticking to integrated planning, combination of long-term develop=
ment and short-term development, combination of spacecraft and ground equipm=
ent, and coordinated development.
> =14 Regarding the development of the country's space industry, the white=
paper says that since its birth in 1956, China's space program has gone thr=
ough several important stages of development: arduous pioneering, overall de=
velopment in all related fields, reform and revitalization, and internationa=
l cooperation.
> =14 According to the policy paper, China's space industry "has reached a=
considerable scale and level." A comprehensive system of research, design,=20=
production and testing has been formed. Space centers capable of launching s=
atellites of various types and manned spacecraft as well as a TT&C (Telemetr=
y Tracking and Command) network consisting of ground stations across the cou=
ntry and tracking and telemetry ships are in place.
> =14 Furthermore, a number of satellite application systems have been est=
ablished and have yielded remarkable social and economic benefits. A space s=
cience research system of a fairly high level has been set up and many innov=
ative achievements have been made. And a contingent of qualified space scien=
tists and technicians has come to the fore.=20
> =14 In the process of carrying out space activities independently, China=
has opened a road of development unique to its national situation and score=
d a series of important achievements with relatively small input and within=20=
a relatively short span of time, the white paper says.
> =14 Currently, China ranks among the most advanced countries in the worl=
d in many important technological fields, such as satellite recovery, multi-=
satellite launch with a single rocket, rockets with cryogenic fuel, strap-on=
rockets, launch of geo-stationary satellites and TT&C. Significant achievem=
ents have also been gained in the development and application of remote-sens=
ing satellites and telecommunications satellites, and in manned spacecraft t=
esting and space micro-gravity experiments.
> =14 It recalls that China's first man-made satellite, the " Dongfanghong=
-I" was successfully developed and launched on April 24, 1970, making China=20=
the fifth country in the world with such capability. By October 2000, China=20=
had developed and launched 47 satellites of various types, with a flight suc=
cess rate of over 90 percent.
> =14 China is the third country in the world to have mastered the technol=
ogy of satellite recovery, with the success rate reaching the advanced inter=
national level, and the 5th country capable of developing and launching geo-=
stationary telecommunications satellites independently. The major technologi=
cal index of China's meteorological and earth resource satellites has reache=
d the international level of the early 1990s.
> =14 China has independently developed the "Long-March" rocket group, con=
taining 12 types of launching vehicles capable of launching satellites to ne=
ar-earth, geo-stationary and sun-synchronous orbits.
> =14 Since 1985, when the Chinese government announced putting the " Long=
-March" rockets into the international commercial launching market, China ha=
s launched 27 foreign-made satellites into space, thus acquiring a share of=20=
the international commercial launching market. Up to now, the "Long-March" r=
ockets have accomplished 63 launches, and made 21 consecutive successful fli=
ghts from October 1996 to October 2000.=20
> =14 China has set up three launching sites -- in Jiuquan, Xichang and Ta=
iyuan, and meanwhile, the country has also established an integrated TT&C ne=
twork comprising TT&C ground stations and ships, which has successfully acco=
mplished TT&C missions for near-earth orbit and geo-stationary orbit satelli=
tes, and experimental spacecraft. This network has acquired the capability o=
f sharing TT& C resources with international network, and its technology has=
reached the advanced world level.
> =14 The white paper says that China initiated its manned spaceflight pro=
gram in 1992 and its first unmanned experimental spacecraft -- "Shenzhou"--=20=
was successfully launched and recovered November 20-21, 1999.
> =14 China attaches importance to developing all kinds of application sat=
ellites and satellite application technology, and has made great progress in=
satellite remote-sensing, satellite telecom and satellite navigation. Remot=
e-sensing and telecommunications satellites account for about 71 percent of=20=
the total number of satellites developed and launched by China. These satell=
ites have been widely utilized in all aspects of economy, science and techno=
logy, culture, and national defense, and yielded remarkable social and econo=
mic returns.=20
> =14 The white paper goes on to say that with the establishment and impro=
vement of China's socialist market economic mechanism, the state guides the=20=
development of space activities through macro- control, makes overall plans=20=
for the development of space technology, space application and space science=
, promotes the R&D and system integration of important space technologies an=
d the application of space science and technology in the fields of economy,=20=
science and technology, culture, and national defense. The state has also ca=
rried out reforms in the space science and technology industry to achieve su=
stainable development of the space industry.
> =14 The state has strengthened legislation work and policy management, e=
nacted laws and regulations and promulgated industrial policies for the spac=
e industry to ensure orderly and standardized development of space activitie=
s. Research institutions, industrial enterprises, commercial enterprises and=
institutions of higher learning are encouraged to make full use of their ad=
vantages and participate in space activities under the guidance of the state=
's space policies, according to the policy paper.
> =14 It makes it clear that the China National Space Administration (CNSA=
) is China's governmental organization responsible for the management of sat=
ellites for civilian use and inter-governmental space cooperation with other=
countries.
> =14 The white paper maps out a blueprint for the future development of C=
hina's space industry. The 21st century will witness vigorous development of=
space activities across the world, it says, disclosing that China is drafti=
ng a space development strategy and plans oriented to the 21st century accor=
ding to the actual demands and long-term target of national development to s=
pur the growth of the space industry.=20
> =14 The white paper lists the short-term development targets for the nex=
t decade as follows:
> =14 -- To build up an earth observation system for long-term stable oper=
ation;
> =14 -- To set up an independently operated satellite broadcasting and te=
lecommunications system;
> =14 -- To establish an independent satellite navigation and positioning=20=
system;
> =14 -- To upgrade the overall level and capacity of China's launch vehic=
les;
> =14 -- To realize manned spaceflight and establish an initially complete=
R&D and testing system for manned space projects;
> =14 -- To establish a coordinated and complete national satellite remote=
-sensing application system;
> =14 -- To develop space science, explore outer space, and carry out pre-=
study for outer space exploration centering on the exploration of the moon.
> =14 The long-term development targets for the next 20 years or more are=20=
as follows:
> =14 -- To achieve industrialization and marketization of space technolog=
y and space applications;
> =14 -- To establish a multi-function and multi-orbit space infrastructur=
e composed of various satellite systems and set up a satellite ground applic=
ation system;
> =14 -- To establish China's own manned spaceflight system; and
> =14 -- To obtain a more important place in the world in the field of spa=
ce science with more achievements and carry out explorations and studies of=20=
outer space. =20
> =14 Regarding China's international cooperation in the space industry, t=
he white paper says that China persistently supports activities involving th=
e peaceful use of outer space, and maintains that international space cooper=
ation shall be promoted and strengthened on the basis of equality and mutual=
benefit, mutual complementarity and common development.
> =14 The Chinese government holds that international space cooperation sh=
ould follow the fundamental principles listed in the "Deceleration on Intern=
ational Cooperation on Exploring and Utilizing Outer Space for the Benefits=20=
and Interests of All Countries, Especially in Consideration of Developing Co=
untries' Demands," which was approved by the 51st General Assembly of the Un=
ited Nations in 1996.
> =14 According to the policy paper, China adheres to the following princi=
ples while carrying out international space cooperation:
> =14 - The aim of international space cooperation is to peacefully develo=
p and use space resources for the benefit of all mankind.
> =14 - International space cooperation should be carried out on the basis=
of equality and mutual benefit, mutual complementarity and common developme=
nt, and the generally accepted principles of international law.
> =14 - The priority aim of international space cooperation is to simultan=
eously increase the capability of space development of all countries, partic=
ularly the developing countries, and enable all countries to enjoy the benef=
its of space technology.
> =14 - Necessary measures should be adopted to protect the space environm=
ent and space resources in the course of international space cooperation.
> =14 - The function of the United Nations Office of Outer Space Affairs (=
OOSA) should be consolidated and the outer space application programs of the=
United Nations should be backed up. =20
> =14 According to the white paper, China's participation in international=
space cooperation started in the mid-1970s. During the last two decades or=20=
more, China has joined bilateral, regional, multilateral and international s=
pace cooperation in different forms, such as commercial launching service, w=
hich have yielded extensive achievements. Since 1985, China has established=20=
long- term cooperative relations with a dozen countries.
> =14 China attaches great importance to space cooperation in the Asia-Pac=
ific region, the white paper says.
> =14 Regarding multilateral cooperation, China dispatched, in June 1980,=20=
an observer delegation to the 23rd Meeting of UN COPUOS for the first time,=20=
and on November 3, 1980, China became a member country of the committee. Sin=
ce then, China has participated in all the meetings of UN COPUOS and the ann=
ual meetings held by its Science, Technology and Law Sub-committee. In 1983=20=
and 1988, China acceded to the "Treaty on Principles Governing the Activitie=
s of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon an=
d Other Celestial Bodies," "Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Retur=
n of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space," "Conve=
ntion on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects," and "C=
onvention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space," and has str=
ictly performed its responsibilities and obligations. China also supports a=
nd has participated in the UN space applications program. =20
Subj:=09 more white paper
Date:=0911/22/00 3:11:20 AM Central Standard Time
From:=09mfackler@ap.org (Martin Fackler)
Here's a snippet from the complete white paper that I was able to grab. It's=
the part focusing on China's goals in the coming decade. Martin
> =14 China Drafts Space Development Strategy for 21st Century (1)
> =14 BEIJING, November 22 (Xinhua) -- China is drafting a space developme=
nt strategy and plans oriented to the 21st century according to the actual d=
emands and long-term target of national development to spur the growth of th=
e space industry.
> =14 This is disclosed in a white paper, entitled "China's Space Activiti=
es", published by the Information Office of the State Council Wednesday.
> =14 The white paper lists China's short-term development targets for the=
space industry in the next decade as follows:
> =14 - To build up an earth observation system for long-term stable opera=
tion. The meteorological satellites, resource satellites, oceanic satellites=
and disaster monitoring satellites can develop into an earth observation sy=
stem for long-term stable operation to conduct stereoscopic observation and=20=
dynamic monitoring of the land, atmosphere, and oceanic environments of the=20=
country, the peripheral regions and even the whole globe;
> =14 - To set up an independently operated satellite broadcasting and tel=
ecommunications system. Positive support will be given to the development of=
commercial broadcasting and telecommunications satellites such as geo-stati=
onary telecom satellites and TV live broadcasting satellites with long opera=
ting life, high reliability and large capacity, so as to form China's satell=
ite telecom industry;
> =14 - To establish an independent satellite navigation and positioning s=
ystem. This will be achieved by setting up a navigation and positioning sate=
llite group step by step and developing a relevant application system, which=
will eventually bring into being China's satellite navigation and positioni=
ng industry;
> =14 - To upgrade the overall level and capacity of China's launch vehicl=
es. This will be achieved by improving the performance and reliability of th=
e "Long-March" group, developing the next generation of launch vehicles with=
non-toxic, non-polluting, high- performance and low-cost specifications, fo=
rming a new group of launch vehicles and strengthening the capability of pro=
viding international commercial launching services;=20
> =14 - To realize manned spaceflight and establish an initially complete=20=
R&D and testing system for manned space projects;
> =14 - To establish a coordinated and complete national satellite remote-=
sensing application system by building various related ground application sy=
stems through overall planning, setting up a remote-sensing data receiving,=20=
processing and distributing system covering the whole country for data shari=
ng, and forming a fairly complete application system in major application fi=
elds of satellite remote-sensing; and
> =14 - To develop space science and explore outer space by developing a s=
cientific research and technological experiment satellite group of the next=20=
generation, strengthening studies of space micro-gravity, space material sci=
ence, space life science, space environment and space astronomy, and carryin=
g out pre-study for outer space exploration centering on the exploration of=20=
the moon.
> =14 Meanwhile, the white paper defines China's long-term development tar=
gets for its space industry in the next 20 years or more as follows:
> =14 -- To achieve industrialization and marketization of space technolog=
y and space applications. The exploration and utilization of space resources=
shall meet a wide range of demands of economic construction, state security=
, science and technology development and social progress, and contribute to=20=
the strengthening of the comprehensive national strength;
> =14 - To establish a multi-function and multi-orbit space infrastructure=
composed of various satellite systems and set up a satellite ground applica=
tion system that harmonizes spacecraft and ground equipment to form an integ=
rated ground-space network system in full, constant and long-term operation=20=
in accordance with the overall planning of the state;
> =14 - To establish China's own manned spaceflight system and carry out m=
anned spaceflight scientific research and technological experiments on a cer=
tain scale; and
> =14 - To obtain a more important place in the world in the field of spac=
e science with more achievements and carry out explorations and studies of o=
uter space. =20
From:=09mfackler@ap.org (Martin Fackler)
To:=09jamesoberg@aol.com
Here's the first seven-pages of the full white paper. You can see on the bot=
tom the error message I keep getting that prevents me from getting the rest.
BC-China-Space-White-Paper-Full-Text-1
> =14 China's Space Activities (Full Text) (1)
> =14 BEIJING, November 22 (Xinhua) -- The Information Office of the State=
Council Wednesday published a white paper titled "China's Space Activities.=
" Following is the full text of the white paper:
> =14 Introduction
> =14 The scope of mankind's activities has experienced expansion from lan=
d to ocean, from ocean to atmosphere, and from atmosphere to outer space. Sp=
ace technology, which emerged in the 1950s, opened up a new era of man's exp=
loration of outer space. Having developed rapidly for about half a century,=20=
mankind's space activities have scored remarkable achievements, greatly prom=
oted the development of social productivity and progress, and produced profo=
und and far-reaching effects. Space technology has turned out to be one fiel=
d of high technology that exerts the most profound influence on modern socie=
ty. The continuous development and application of space technology has becom=
e an important endeavor in the modernization drive of countries all over the=
world.
> =14 The Chinese nation created a glorious civilization in the early stag=
e of mankind's history. The gunpowder "rocket" invented by ancient Chinese w=
as the embryo of modern space rockets. After the People's Republic of China=20=
was founded in 1949, China carried out space activities on its own, and succ=
eeded in developing and launching its first man-made satellite in 1970. Chin=
a has made eye- catching achievements, and now ranks among the world's most=20=
advanced countries in some important fields of space technology. In the 21st=
century, China will continue to promote the development of its space indust=
ry in the light of its national situation, and make due contributions to the=
peaceful use of outer space, and to the civilization and progress of mankin=
d.
> =14 At the turn of the century, it is of significance to give a brief in=
troduction to the aims and principles, present situation, future development=
and international cooperation concerning China' s space activities.=20
> I. Aims and Principles
> =14 The Chinese government has all along regarded the space industry as=20=
an integral part of the state's comprehensive development strategy, and uphe=
ld that the exploration and utilization of outer space should be for peacefu=
l purposes and benefit the whole of mankind. As a developing country, China'=
s fundamental tasks are developing its economy and continuously pushing forw=
ard its modernization drive.
> =14 The aims and principles of China's space activities are determined b=
y their important status and function in protecting China's national interes=
ts and implementing the state's development strategy. The aims of China's sp=
ace activities are: to explore outer space, and learn more about the cosmos=20=
and the Earth; to utilize outer space for peaceful purposes, promote mankind=
's civilization and social progress, and benefit the whole of mankind; and t=
o meet the growing demands of economic construction, national security, scie=
nce and technology development and social progress, protect China's national=
interests and build up the comprehensive national strength.
> =14 China carries out its space activities in accordance with the follow=
ing principles:
> =14 - Adhering to the principle of long-term, stable and sustainable dev=
elopment and making the development of space activities cater to and serve t=
he state's comprehensive development strategy. The Chinese government attach=
es great importance to the significant role of space activities in implement=
ing the strategy of revitalizing the country with science and education and=20=
that of sustainable development, as well as in economic construction, nation=
al security, science and technology development and social progress. The dev=
elopment of space activities is encouraged and supported by the government a=
s an integral part of the state's comprehensive development strategy.=20
> - Upholding the principle of independence, self-reliance and self-renov=
ation and actively promoting international exchanges and cooperation. China=20=
shall rely on its own strength to tackle key problems and make breakthroughs=
in space technology. Meanwhile, due attention shall be given to internation=
al cooperation and exchanges in the field of space technology, and self-reno=
vation in space technology shall be combined organically with technology imp=
ort on the principles of mutual benefit and reciprocity.
> =14 - Selecting a limited number of targets and making breakthroughs in=20=
key areas according to the national situation and strength. China carries ou=
t its space activities for the purpose of satisfying the fundamental demands=
of its modernization drive. A limited number of projects that are of vital=20=
significance to the national economy and social development are selected so=20=
as to concentrate strength to tackle major difficulties and achieve breakthr=
oughs in key fields.
> =14 - Enhancing the social and economic returns of space activities and=20=
paying attention to the motivation of technological progress. China strives=20=
to explore a more economical and efficient development road for its space ac=
tivities so as to achieve the integration of technological advance and econo=
mic rationality.
> =14 - Sticking to integrated planning, combination of long-term developm=
ent and short-term development, combination of spacecraft and ground equipme=
nt, and coordinated development. The Chinese government develops space techn=
ology, application and science through integrated planning and rational arra=
ngement in the aim of promoting the comprehensive and coordinated developmen=
t of China's space activities.=20
> II. Present Situation
> =14
> =14 Since its birth in 1956, China's space program has gone through seve=
ral important stages of development: arduous pioneering, overall development=
in all related fields, reform and revitalization, and international coopera=
tion. Now it has reached a considerable scale and level. A comprehensive sys=
tem of research, design, production and testing has been formed. Space cente=
rs capable of launching satellites of various types and manned spacecraft as=
well as a TT&C (Telemetry Tracking and Command) network consisting of groun=
d stations across the country and tracking and telemetry ships are in place.=
A number of satellite application systems have been established and have yi=
elded remarkable social and economic benefits. A space science research syst=
em of a fairly high level has been set up and many innovative achievements h=
ave been made. And a contingent of qualified space scientists and technician=
s has come to the fore.
> =14 China's space industry was developed on the basis of weak infrastruc=
ture industries and a relatively backward scientific and technological level=
, under special national and historical conditions. In the process of carryi=
ng out space activities independently, China has opened a road of developmen=
t unique to its national situation and scored a series of important achievem=
ents with relatively small input and within a relatively short span of time.=
Now, China ranks among the most advanced countries in the world in many imp=
ortant technological fields, such as satellite recovery, multi-satellite lau=
nch with a single rocket, rockets with cryogenic fuel, strap-on rockets, lau=
nch of geo-stationary satellites and TT&C. Significant achievements have als=
o been gained in the development and application of remote- sensing satellit=
es and telecommunications satellites, and in manned spacecraft testing and s=
pace micro-gravity experiments. ( more)=20
> =14 3. Launching Sites: China has set up three launching sites - in Jiuq=
uan, Xichang and Taiyuan - which have successfully accomplished various kind=
s of test flights of launching vehicles and launches of a variety of satelli=
tes and experimental spacecraft. China's spacecraft launching sites are capa=
ble of making both domestic satellite launches and international commercial=20=
launches, and carrying out international space cooperation in other fields.
> =14 4. TT&C: China has established an integrated TT&C network comprising=
TT&C ground stations and ships, which has successfully accomplished TT&C mi=
ssions for near-earth orbit and geo-stationary orbit satellites, and experim=
ental spacecraft. This network has acquired the capability of sharing TT&C r=
esources with international network, and its technology has reached the inte=
rnational advanced level.
> =14 5. Manned Spaceflight: Initiating its manned spaceflight program in=20=
1992, China has developed a manned spacecraft and high- reliability launchin=
g vehicle, carried out engineering studies in aerospace medicine and aerospa=
ce life science, selected reserve astronauts and developed equipment for aer=
ospace remote-sensing and aerospace scientific experiments. China's first un=
manned experimental spacecraft - "Shenzhou"- was successfully launched and r=
ecovered November 20-21, 1999, symbolizing a breakthrough in the basic techn=
ologies of manned spacecraft and a significant step forward in the field of=20=
manned spaceflight.=20
> =14 Space Technology
> =14 1. Man-made Satellites: China's first man-made satellite, the " Dong=
fanghong-I" was successfully developed and launched on April 24, 1970, makin=
g China the fifth country in the world with such capability. By October 2000=
, China had developed and launched 47 satellites of various types, with a fl=
ight success rate of over 90% . Altogether, four satellite series have been=20=
initially developed in China, namely, recoverable remote-sensing satellites,=
"DFH ( Dongfanghong)" telecommunications satellites, "FY (Fengyun)" meteoro=
logical satellites and "SJ (Shijian)" scientific research and technological=20=
experiment satellites. The "ZY (Ziyuan)" earth resource satellite series wil=
l come into being soon. China is the 3rd country in the world to have master=
ed the technology of satellite recovery, with the success rate reaching the=20=
advanced international level, and the 5th country capable of developing and=20=
launching geo-stationary telecommunications satellites independently. The ma=
jor technological index of China's meteorological and earth resource satelli=
tes has reached the international level of the early 1990s. The six telecomm=
unications, earth resources and meteorological satellites developed and laun=
ched by China in the past few years are in stable operation, and have genera=
ted remarkable social and economic returns.
> =14 2. Launching Vehicles: China has independently developed the " Long-=
March" rocket group, containing 12 types of launching vehicles capable of la=
unching satellites to near-earth, geo- stationary and sun-synchronous orbits=
. The largest launching capacity of the "Long-March" rockets has reached 9,2=
00 kg for near- earth orbit, and 5,100 kg for geo-stationary transfer orbit,=
able to basically meet the demands of customers of all kinds. Since 1985, w=
hen the Chinese government announced putting the "Long- March" rockets into=20=
the international commercial launching market, China has launched 27 foreign=
-made satellites into space, thus acquiring a share of the international com=
mercial launching market. Up to now, the "Long-March" rockets have accomplis=
hed 63 launches, and made 21 consecutive successful flights from October 199=
6 to October 2000.=20
> Space Applications
> =14 China attaches importance to developing all kinds of application sat=
ellites and satellite application technology, and has made great progress in=
satellite remote-sensing, satellite telecom and satellite navigation. Remot=
e-sensing and telecommunications satellites account for about 71% of the tot=
al number of satellites developed and launched by China. These satellites ha=
ve been widely utilized in all aspects of economy, science and technology, c=
ulture, and national defense, and yielded remarkable social and economic ret=
urns. Related departments of the state have also made active use of foreign=20=
application satellites for application technology studies, with satisfactory=
results.
> =14 1. Satellite Remote-Sensing: China began to use domestic and foreign=
remote-sensing satellites in the early 1970s, and eventually carried out st=
udies, development and promotion of satellite remote-sensing application tec=
hnology, which has been widely applied in meteorology, mining, surveying, ag=
riculture, forestry, water conservancy, oceanography, seismology and urban p=
lannin=20
ITEM TERMINATED - EXCESS LENGTH - MORE
>
--part1_a1.d6b9e92.274d4d10_boundary--
From M.Wade@iaea.org Wed Nov 22 16:59:39 2000
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2000 17:59:39 +0100
From: M.Wade@iaea.org M.Wade@iaea.org
Subject: [FPSPACE] China Space White Paper
> http://www.spacechina.com/space-news/whitebook-english.htm
>
From raoul.lannoy@pandora.be Wed Nov 22 17:20:12 2000
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2000 18:20:12 +0100
From: Raoul Lannoy raoul.lannoy@pandora.be
Subject: [FPSPACE] spatio-astro-cosmo-taiko- ?
> In fact, was it not a French-speaking Brazilian pioneering aviator, who
was the 1st to invent the word "astronaut", as well as inventing the
joystick?
You mean Alberto Santos-Dumont invented the word "astronaute"?
I've often wondered where the word originated from and who invented it.
But I'd like to find some hints about it!
Raoul
From dbarkley@orion.oac.uci.edu Wed Nov 22 17:35:44 2000
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2000 09:35:44 -0800 (PST)
From: Dan Barkley dbarkley@orion.oac.uci.edu
Subject: [FPSPACE] China to End Missile Part Exports
For American companies, the immediate effect will be the unfreezing of
licence applications to launch American satellites on Chinese rockets.
-NY Times
***********************
China to Stop Selling A-Arms Delivery Systems
By JANE PERLEZ
NY Times
WASHINGTON, Nov. 21 The Clinton administration and China said today that
China had pledged to stop selling missile parts or the equipment needed
for missile production to countries developing nuclear weapons.
In exchange, Washington agreed to waive economic sanctions for past sales
of such matriel to Iran and Pakistan, the State Department said. This will
allow American companies to apply again for licenses to launch satellites
on Chinese rockets.
The agreement would help bring China into line with international
standards restricting missile-related exports, officials said. They said
that step, like membership in the World Trade Organization, would push
China to be more responsible.
But in announcing the accord, which President Clinton and President Jiang
Zemin reviewed at their meeting last week in Brunei, officials cautioned
that China's pledges have yet to be enacted. "This looks good on paper,"
said one senior official involved in the talks. "What we'll have to watch
is implementation," a job for the next administration.
The most promising aspect of the accord, officials said, was China's
commitment to adopt an export-control list under which Beijing would
require Chinese companies to get licenses to export "equipment, materials
and technology that can be directly used in missiles, as well as
missile-related dual-use items."
But the Chinese failed to specify what penalty companies would suffer if
they exported without licenses.
It was also unclear how thoroughly the export-control list would be in
compliance with the Missile Technology Control Regime. That agreement,
which restricts sales of specific missiles and missile parts, was signed
by 32 countries, but not China.
China's continued export of missile production facilities to Pakistan has
been of particular concern in Washington since the nuclear tests by
Pakistan and India in 1998.
The issue complicated White House efforts to win Senate passage of a bill
this year granting China permanent normal trade relations, especially
after American intelligence agencies reported that China exported a few
dozen long-range missiles to Pakistan in 1992 and sent missile production
facilities in the 1990's. Among the items China sent to Pakistan after the
1998 nuclear tests were specialty steels and guidance systems.
The announcement today, in effect, confirms those Chinese exports, which
under American law required sanctions. The administration said today that
while technically it was imposing the sanctions, it was waiving them in
view of the new pledges.
For American companies, the immediate effect will be the unfreezing of
licence applications to launch American satellites on Chinese rockets.
Applications were frozen in February because of concerns that Chinese
aerospace companies were exporting missile-related materials to Pakistan
and Iran.
Many American companies, from cellular telephone networks to international
television conglomerates, are waiting in line for satellites to be sent
into orbit, and China has expressed eagerness to offer low-cost services.
Two American companies at the forefront of satellite launches in China,
Hughes Space and Communications International and Loral Space and
Communications, will not be affected by the waiving of sanctions,
officials said, because they are under investigation to determine whether
they improperly advised the Chinese on rocket design in the mid-1990's
without obtaining licenses. The companies have denied any wrongdoing, but
officials said they would not be allowed to apply for licenses until the
cases are resolved.
From barensky@orbireport.com Wed Nov 22 17:39:09 2000
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2000 18:39:09 +0100
From: Stefan Barensky barensky@orbireport.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] spatio-astro-cosmo-taiko- ?
This is a multi-part message in MIME format.
--------------169BBF89B9C7B48CF549D2DB
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1; x-mac-type="54455854"; x-mac-creator="4D4F5353"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit
I am afraid there is a little confusion here.
Both the joystick ("manche-à-balai" in French) and the word "Astronautique"
were invented by famous French aviation and rocket pioneer Robert
Esnault-Pelterie (1881-1957).
Raoul Lannoy wrote:
> > In fact, was it not a French-speaking Brazilian pioneering aviator, who
> was the 1st to invent the word "astronaut", as well as inventing the
> joystick?
>
> You mean Alberto Santos-Dumont invented the word "astronaute"?
> I've often wondered where the word originated from and who invented it.
> But I'd like to find some hints about it!
>
> Raoul
Stefan Barensky - Space Editor
http://www.space-launcher.com
--------------169BBF89B9C7B48CF549D2DB
Content-Type: text/x-vcard; charset=us-ascii;
name="barensky.vcf"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Description: Card for Stefan Barensky
Content-Disposition: attachment;
filename="barensky.vcf"
begin:vcard
n:Barensky;Stefan
tel;cell:+33 (0) 610 487 126
tel;fax:+33 (0) 467 580 042
tel;work:+33 (0) 467 580 037
x-mozilla-html:TRUE
url:http://www.orbireport.com/Barensky.html
org:Takyon International Press Agency
adr:;;BP 2148;Montpellier Cedex 1;;F-34027;France
version:2.1
email;internet:barensky@orbireport.com
title:Space Editor
x-mozilla-cpt:;1
fn:Stefan Barensky
end:vcard
--------------169BBF89B9C7B48CF549D2DB--
From JamesOberg@aol.com Wed Nov 22 17:43:55 2000
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2000 12:43:55 EST
From: JamesOberg@aol.com JamesOberg@aol.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] spatio-astro-cosmo-taiko- ?
I had always thought that a British flight officer named Joyce had invented
the Joyce Stick, but is that only a legend?
From lklaes@bbn.com Wed Nov 22 19:06:28 2000
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2000 14:06:28 -0500
From: Larry Klaes lklaes@bbn.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Ukraine conference on defending Earth against celestial impacts
Held by the Space Shield Foundation:
http://www.snezhinsk.ru/spe2000/eng/spe2000/abstracts.htm
From wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu Wed Nov 22 19:33:10 2000
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2000 14:33:10 -0500 (EST)
From: Dwayne Allen Day wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu
Subject: [FPSPACE] China to End Missile Part Exports
On Wed, 22 Nov 2000, Dan Barkley wrote:
> For American companies, the immediate effect will be the unfreezing of
> licence applications to launch American satellites on Chinese rockets.
Is this true? I thought that the licensing problem was essentially
dictated by statute. In other words, Clinton cannot simply open this up
on his own, since there is a law regulating it.
It is also worth noting that Congress objected to this stuff because of
concern that technology was going TO CHINA, not because of proliferation
to other countries. The Republicans were worried that American technology
was going into Chinese ICBMs targeted at the US.
DDAY
From wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu Wed Nov 22 20:18:04 2000
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2000 15:18:04 -0500 (EST)
From: Dwayne Allen Day wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu
Subject: [FPSPACE] China Space White Paper
On Wed, 22 Nov 2000 M.Wade@iaea.org wrote:
> > http://www.spacechina.com/space-news/whitebook-english.htm
This is a general bland government document that nevertheless serves as a
good indicator of what the Chinese are interested in. (White Papers are
usually only broad outlines.)
However, if you read it carefully, you will note what it does not say:
-no indication of when China plans on achieving manned spaceflight
-no mention of a space station
-no mention of lunar exploration (manned or otherwise)
Clearly their goals are space applications and commercialization, with
prestige lower on the list (pretty sensible, if you ask me).
DDAY
*************
Here is an except from the section on long-term developments:
The long-term development targets (for the next 20 years or more) are as
follows:
-To achieve industrialization and marketization of space technology and
space applications. The exploration and utilization of space resources
shall meet a wide range of demands of economic construction, state
security, science and technology development and social progress, and
contribute to the strengthening of the comprehensive national strength;
- To establish a multi-function and multi-orbit space infrastructure
composed of various satellite systems and set up a satellite ground
application system that harmonizes spacecraft and ground equipment to form
an integrated ground-space network system in full, constant and long-term
operation in accordance with the overall planning of the state;
- To establish China's own manned spaceflight system and carry out manned
spaceflight scientific research and technological experiments on a certain
scale; and
- To obtain a more important place in the world in the field of space
science with more achievements and carry out explorations and studies of
outer space.
From raoul.lannoy@pandora.be Wed Nov 22 21:26:45 2000
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2000 22:26:45 +0100
From: Raoul Lannoy raoul.lannoy@pandora.be
Subject: [FPSPACE] Origins of "Astronaut"
Hello guys,
Now look at this:
http://www.coolfrenchcomics.com/navigateurs.htm
Years ago, I remember reading the book (same cover, in fact, with the 6 eyed
creature: Les Navigateurs de l'Infini).
So, the Belgian Science-Fiction author Joseph-Henri Boex (called Rosny Aine)
was the first to use the word "Astronautique" and "les Astronautes" in 1925!
Regards
Raoul Lannoy
Nerviersstraat 19
2018 Antwerpen, Belgium
Tel: 32.3.288.55.67 GSM:0486.89.24.61
51d12m25sN-4d25m21sE
http://membres.tripod.fr/Ad_Astra/index-11.html
http://users.pandora.be/raoul.lannoy/index.htm
From dbarkley@orion.oac.uci.edu Thu Nov 23 16:42:28 2000
Date: Thu, 23 Nov 2000 08:42:28 -0800 (PST)
From: Dan Barkley dbarkley@orion.oac.uci.edu
Subject: [FPSPACE] China to End Missile Part Exports
> On Wed, 22 Nov 2000, Dan Barkley wrote:
>
> > For American companies, the immediate effect will be the unfreezing of
> > licence applications to launch American satellites on Chinese rockets.
>
> Is this true? I thought that the licensing problem was essentially
> dictated by statute. In other words, Clinton cannot simply open this up
> on his own, since there is a law regulating it.
I understand that the State Dept. has the last say on certifying license
applications for satellite exports. According to the Times (London)The
State Department announced yesterday it was lifting sanctions on
Chinese military technology companies and would begin to consider
approving licences for the mainland to launch US satellites.
> It is also worth noting that Congress objected to this stuff because of
> concern that technology was going TO CHINA, not because of proliferation
> to other countries. The Republicans were worried that American technology
> was going into Chinese ICBMs targeted at the US.
Yeah that's the arguement. But I think this announcement is more geared
toward thwarting US interest in NMD and arms sales to Taiwan. I think
there is an implicit 'quid quo pro'. In 1992, when President Bush decided
to sell F16 fighters to Taiwan, Beijing responded by supplying Pakistan
with nuclear-capable M11 missiles (Times/ London).
Dan Barkley
From wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu Thu Nov 23 20:20:44 2000
Date: Thu, 23 Nov 2000 15:20:44 -0500 (EST)
From: Dwayne Allen Day wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu
Subject: [FPSPACE] China to End Missile Part Exports
On Thu, 23 Nov 2000, Dan Barkley wrote:
> I understand that the State Dept. has the last say on certifying license
> applications for satellite exports. According to the Times (London)The
> State Department announced yesterday it was lifting sanctions on
> Chinese military technology companies and would begin to consider
> approving licences for the mainland to launch US satellites.
As I have since learned, there is wiggle room in this, so that State does
have final authority, but Congress determines how much leash to
give it. (More below.)
> Yeah that's the arguement. But I think this announcement is more geared
> toward thwarting US interest in NMD and arms sales to Taiwan. I think
> there is an implicit 'quid quo pro'. In 1992, when President Bush decided
A couple of points (well, three anyway):
-China has made this pledge twice before, in 1992 and 1994, and broke it
both times. The Clinton administration thus looks a little like Charlie
Brown, believing that Lucy will not pull the football away this
time-promise. It is doubtful that a Republican Congress will be so
trusting.
-Russia has just announced that it is pulling out of a promise to stop
selling military equipment to Iran. (To be precise, they announced this
back in October, but the administration kept it silent, apparently because
Gore had claimed that this Gore-Chernomyrdin agreement was one of the high
points of his Vice Presidency and did not want it to fall apart
embarrassingly before the November elections. This agreement also included
various space provisions as well.) The collapse of the Russian agreement
is likely to have an impact on the Chinese promise, because the critics
can say "See? We told you so!"
-if the US was not otherwise preoccupied now, this stuff would be much
bigger news, particularly in Congress. It will become bigger news once we
solve our little election problem and get people in office.
What does this have to do with space? Potentially a lot. Next year there
may be a lot of effort to a) halt satellite licenses to China, and
b) impose sanctions on Russia. Could the ISS relationship
suffer? Possibly. Do not think that space is immune; if the US-Russian
relationship deteriorates, space cooperation could suffer as well.
DDAY
From dbarkley@orion.oac.uci.edu Fri Nov 24 01:14:19 2000
Date: Thu, 23 Nov 2000 17:14:19 -0800 (PST)
From: Dan Barkley dbarkley@orion.oac.uci.edu
Subject: [FPSPACE] China to End Missile Part Exports
>
> A couple of points (well, three anyway):
>
> -China has made this pledge twice before, in 1992 and 1994, and broke it
> both times. The Clinton administration thus looks a little like Charlie
> Brown, believing that Lucy will not pull the football away this
> time-promise. It is doubtful that a Republican Congress will be so
> trusting.
Don't Republicans currently have a majority in both houses? I think their
margin slipped after the elections.
At any rate, I never thought that the sanctions would be lifted after the
licensing authority was shifted from Commerce to State. But it was!
I bet the industry (read: Hughes and Loral) did some serious
lobbying on Capitol Hill (Democrat$ and Republican$) and behihd the
scenes.
>
> -Russia has just announced that it is pulling out of a promise to stop
> selling military equipment to Iran. (To be precise, they announced this
> back in October, but the administration kept it silent, apparently because
> Gore had claimed that this Gore-Chernomyrdin agreement was one of the high
> points of his Vice Presidency and did not want it to fall apart
> embarrassingly before the November elections. This agreement also included
> various space provisions as well.) The collapse of the Russian agreement
> is likely to have an impact on the Chinese promise, because the critics
> can say "See? We told you so!"
Alternatively one could argue:
'Iran buying missile from Russian instead of China makes the latter's
promise not to sell missile to Iran somewhat credible.'
Perhaps the Russian announcment partly motivated China to 'bargain away'
missile exports?
In the case of Russia, I suspect that money (earning hard currency) was
real the motivating factor.
In the case of China, I suspect that advanced arms sales or extending the
NMD to Taiwan would bring about abrrogation. Sure China earns money from
arms exports, but it earns a lot more from trade.
>
> What does this have to do with space? Potentially a lot. Next year there
> may be a lot of effort to a) halt satellite licenses to China, and
> b) impose sanctions on Russia. Could the ISS relationship
> suffer? Possibly. Do not think that space is immune; if the US-Russian
> relationship deteriorates, space cooperation could suffer as well.
From wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu Fri Nov 24 13:48:44 2000
Date: Fri, 24 Nov 2000 08:48:44 -0500 (EST)
From: Dwayne Allen Day wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu
Subject: [FPSPACE] China to End Missile Part Exports
On Thu, 23 Nov 2000, Dan Barkley wrote:
> Alternatively one could argue:
> 'Iran buying missile from Russian instead of China makes the latter's
> promise not to sell missile to Iran somewhat credible.'
> Perhaps the Russian announcment partly motivated China to 'bargain away'
> missile exports?
The two are not connected that way. The Russian pledge does not involve
missiles.
> In the case of Russia, I suspect that money (earning hard currency) was
> real the motivating factor.
Yes. But the question is, now that Russia has done this, how does the US
respond? And does the US response affect space cooperation?
DDAY
From JamesOberg@aol.com Fri Nov 24 18:18:26 2000
Date: Fri, 24 Nov 2000 13:18:26 EST
From: JamesOberg@aol.com JamesOberg@aol.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Reuters: Russian parliament criticises ditching Mir orbiter
Russian parliament criticises ditching Mir orbiter
11:55 11-24-00
MOSCOW, Nov 24 (Reuters) - Russia's State Duma lower house of parliament
criticised government plans on Friday to discard the ageing Mir space station
early next year.
Deputies overwhelmingly supported a motion condemning the "premature end to
operations aboard the Mir orbital station, and ditching it is a poorly
thought out and unjustified step."
Space officials announced last week that the government had decided to dump
15-year-old Mir into the Pacific Ocean off Australia late in February due to
lack of cash and viable investors.
It was not immediately clear whether the Duma's statement would influence the
government's decision.
It said some $60 million needed to keep Mir in orbit next year could be found
in the federal budget. Lawmakers say the station provides jobs for 100,000
scientists and engineers.
During its eventful lifetime Mir has helped Soviet and Russian cosmonauts set
a string of space endurance records that have been the nation's pride -- and
the envy of its better-funded U.S. rivals.
But in recent years the station has lost its lustre due to a series of
mishaps, including a near catastrophic collision with a cargo craft, an
on-board fire and computer failures which sent it spinning aimlessly through
space.
U.S. space officials have pushed Russia to dump Mir, saying it drained sparce
resources that would be better spent on Russia's role in the International
Space Station.
From i-cosmos@mtu-net.ru Fri Nov 24 21:36:38 2000
Date: Sat, 25 Nov 2000 00:36:38 +0300
From: Igor Lissov i-cosmos@mtu-net.ru
Subject: [FPSPACE] Re: Claudie
Hi,
> On another note: Is Jim Oberg correct in regards to the 2002 ISS crews
> flying on Soyuz?
>
> Can someone reiterate the known list of ISS crews and their transport, for
> confirmation.
ISS-1 (2R)
Shepherd Gidzenko Krikalyov
Bowersox Dezhurov Tyurin
Soyuz TM-31 (#205) 31.10.2000
STS-102 (5á.1) 02.2001
ISS-2 (5A.1)
Usachov Voss Helms
Onufriyenko Walz Bursch
STS-102 (5á.1) 15.02.2001
STS-105 (7á.1) 06.2001
RVC-1 (2S)
Afanasyev Kuzhel'naya
Tokarev Kozeyev
Soyuz TM (#206) 30.04.2001
Soyuz TM-31 (#205) 05.2001
ISS-3 (7á.1)
Culbertson Dezhurov Tyurin
Korzun Treshchov Whitson
STS-105 (7á.1) 21.06.2001
STS-108 (UF1) 10.2001
ISS-4 (UF1)
Onufriyenko Walz Bursch
Padalka Robinson Fincke
STS-108 (UF1) 11.10.2001
STS-111 (UF2) 02.2002
RVC-2 (3S)
Tokarev Kozeyev
not named yet
Soyuz TMA (#211) 10.2001
Soyuz TM (#206) 11.2001
ISS-5 (UF2)
Korzun Treshchov Whitson
Kaleri Kondratyev Stephanyshyn-Piper
STS-111 (UF2) 21.02.2002
STS-114 (ULF1) 07.2002
ISS-6 (ULF1)
Bowersox D.Thomas Budarin
Noriega Pettit Kotov
STS-114 (ULF1) 27.06.2002
Soyuz TM 10.2002
ISS-7 (5S)
Malenchenko Moshchenko Lu
Krikalyov Surayev Richards
Soyuz TM 10.2002
STS-118 (12A.1) 02.2003
Igor Lissov
From JamesOberg@aol.com Sat Nov 25 15:27:56 2000
Date: Sat, 25 Nov 2000 10:27:56 EST
From: JamesOberg@aol.com JamesOberg@aol.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Russia Sends Hundreds Of AA Missiles To Iran
JimO: This is from the "Middle East Newsline", which monitors Israeli and
other regional newspapers. Their scary headline would better have read, "AA
Missiles".
Russia Sends Hundreds
Of Missiles To Iran
http://www.menewsline.com/headline9.html
11-25-00
MOSCOW (MENL) - Russia has dismissed the threat of additional U.S. sanctions
on its companies linked to Iranian missile and nonconventional programs amid
plans to export hundreds of missiles to Teheran.
The Israeli Yediot Aharonot daily reported on Friday that Russia plans to
send 325 shoulder-fired SA-16 anti-aircraft missiles to Iran. The SA-16 is
regarded as the most effective missile deployed in the former East Bloc and
Israeli sources fear that they will be transported to the Hizbullah in
Lebanon.
The shipment is part of a deal to export 700 SA-16 missiles to Iran as part
of a $1.75 billion contract. Yediot quoted U.S. sources as saying hundreds of
missiles have been placed on a Russian train and ship for Iran.
Russian officials said Moscow would not allow the United States or any other
country to dictate its policy. At the same time, they said that Russia would
honor nonproliferation accords.
Moscow has informed the United States that it will withdraw from a 1995
understanding that would end arms sales to Iran. The termination of the
agreement takes effect on Dec. 1.
"Russia bases its acts on close adherence to its international commitments,
also in the case of Iran," Russian Defense Minister Igor Sergeyev said. "We
fulfil all international requirements on non-proliferation of weapons of mass
destruction."
From dbarkley@orion.oac.uci.edu Sat Nov 25 19:49:41 2000
Date: Sat, 25 Nov 2000 11:49:41 -0800 (PST)
From: Dan Barkley dbarkley@orion.oac.uci.edu
Subject: [FPSPACE] Russia Sends Hundreds Of AA Missiles To Iran
Jim:
Any chance that these SA-16's may go the way of the SA-2's and someday
make up a booster stage for a SSM or SLV?
Dan Barkley
Russia Sends Hundreds
Of Missiles To Iran
http://www.menewsline.com/headline9.html
11-25-00
MOSCOW (MENL) - Russia has dismissed the threat of additional U.S. sanctions
on its companies linked to Iranian missile and nonconventional programs amid
plans to export hundreds of missiles to Teheran.
The Israeli Yediot Aharonot daily reported on Friday that Russia plans to
send 325 shoulder-fired SA-16 anti-aircraft missiles to Iran. The SA-16 is
regarded as the most effective missile deployed in the former East Bloc and
Israeli sources fear that they will be transported to the Hizbullah in
Lebanon.
The shipment is part of a deal to export 700 SA-16 missiles to Iran as part
of a $1.75 billion contract. Yediot quoted U.S. sources as saying hundreds of
missiles have been placed on a Russian train and ship for Iran.
Russian officials said Moscow would not allow the United States or any other
country to dictate its policy. At the same time, they said that Russia would
honor nonproliferation accords.
Moscow has informed the United States that it will withdraw from a 1995
understanding that would end arms sales to Iran. The termination of the
agreement takes effect on Dec. 1.
"Russia bases its acts on close adherence to its international commitments,
also in the case of Iran," Russian Defense Minister Igor Sergeyev said. "We
fulfil all international requirements on non-proliferation of weapons of mass
destruction."
_______________________________________________
FPSPACE mailing list
FPSPACE@friends-partners.org
http://fpmail.friends-partners.org/mailman/listinfo.cgi/fpspace
From routier@tig.com.au Sat Nov 25 22:15:24 2000
Date: Sun, 26 Nov 2000 09:15:24 +1100
From: Brett Harrison routier@tig.com.au
Subject: [FPSPACE] Russia Sends Hundreds Of AA Missiles To Iran
Dan Barkley wrote:
>
> Jim:
>
> Any chance that these SA-16's may go the way of the SA-2's and someday
> make up a booster stage for a SSM or SLV?
I think that's unlikely with a *shoulder-launched* missile, Dan.
The SA-16 is a Russian equivalent of the US' man-portable, shoulder-fired
Stinger.
> The Israeli Yediot Aharonot daily reported on Friday that Russia plans to
> send 325 shoulder-fired SA-16 anti-aircraft missiles to Iran. The SA-16 is
> regarded as the most effective missile deployed in the former East Bloc and
> Israeli sources fear that they will be transported to the Hizbullah in
> Lebanon.
--
Brett Harrison
"If the law was worth a damn, we wouldn't need lawyers at all!"
- Peter Fable (1996)
From dave.woods@lmco.com Sat Nov 25 22:16:18 2000
Date: Sat, 25 Nov 2000 17:16:18 -0500
From: Woods, Dave dave.woods@lmco.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Russia Sends Hundreds Of AA Missiles To Iran
The SA-16 Gimlet is an upgrade of the SA-7 shoulder launched IR
seeker (as in jet engine exhaust heat). Not much payload potential
there for an SLV, but ample opportunity to cause a lot of mischief
with civilian and military aircraft.
> -----Original Message-----
> From: Dan Barkley [SMTP:dbarkley@orion.oac.uci.edu]
> Sent: Saturday, November 25, 2000 2:50 PM
> To: Friends&Partners
> Cc: Tim McCarthy
> Subject: [FPSPACE] Russia Sends Hundreds Of AA Missiles To Iran
>
> Jim:
>
> Any chance that these SA-16's may go the way of the SA-2's and someday
> make up a booster stage for a SSM or SLV?
>
> Dan Barkley
>
> Russia Sends Hundreds
> Of Missiles To Iran
> http://www.menewsline.com/headline9.html
> 11-25-00
>
From albonnici@vol.net.mt Sun Nov 26 18:45:44 2000
Date: Sun, 26 Nov 2000 19:45:44 +0100
From: Alex Michael Bonnici albonnici@vol.net.mt
Subject: [FPSPACE] Precursor to our own Von Neumann Nano Probes
--------------9457526B46C5D60E385FD23C
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Hello Gang,
I just got a reference to the following article from The News From
Bootes News
Group concerning a new development in microrobotics. This could be
the
precursor to our own Von Neumann machines and interplanetary and
intersteller
probes.
Beware this URL is very long you may have to cut and paste it twice
to make it fit
in the URL locator of your browser.
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2000/11/20/MN62513.DTL&type=science
Alex Michael Bonnici
http://www.geocities.com?CapeCanaveral/8505
--------------9457526B46C5D60E385FD23C
Content-Type: text/html; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Hello Gang,
I just got a reference to the following article from
The News From Bootes News
Group concerning a new development in microrobotics.
This could be the
precursor to our own Von Neumann machines and interplanetary
and intersteller
probes.
Beware this URL is very long you may have to cut and
paste it twice to make it fit
in the URL locator of your browser.
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2000/11/20/MN62513.DTL&type=science
Alex Michael Bonnici
http://www.geocities.com?CapeCanaveral/8505
--------------9457526B46C5D60E385FD23C--
From JHarford@compuserve.com Sun Nov 26 18:53:44 2000
Date: Sun, 26 Nov 2000 13:53:44 -0500
From: james harford JHarford@compuserve.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Russian kudo for "Challenge.."
Vladimir Syromiatnikov, in a phone call from Moscow that covered several
subjects, made special mention of how highly he thought of your "Challenge
to Apollo" book, Asif. He said he thought it was a remarkable job, and of
course I agreed. He found it hard to believe, as I do, that you wrote the
book without making even one trip to Russia. "KOROLEV" was the product of
some 16 trips to USSR and Russia over the years! Syro's praise is special
because, as I'm sure you know, he worked in the Korolev design bureau back
to Sputnik days and is still there--Russia's top expert on design and
operation of docking systems and solar reflectors. Once again, take a bow!
Is it being nominated for a Pulitzer? Jim Harford
From albonnici@vol.net.mt Sun Nov 26 18:55:59 2000
Date: Sun, 26 Nov 2000 19:55:59 +0100
From: Alex Michael Bonnici albonnici@vol.net.mt
Subject: [FPSPACE] Von Neumann Interstellar Nano Probes
Hello Again,
Check out these references concerning the possibility of launching
our
very own Von Neumann interstellar Nano Probes :
http://www.iase.cc/html/starseed.htm
http://www.iase.cc/html/launcher.htm
Alex
From wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu Sun Nov 26 19:51:20 2000
Date: Sun, 26 Nov 2000 14:51:20 -0500 (EST)
From: Dwayne Allen Day wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu
Subject: [FPSPACE] Russian kudo for "Challenge.."
On Sun, 26 Nov 2000, james harford wrote:
> Vladimir Syromiatnikov, in a phone call from Moscow that covered several
> subjects, made special mention of how highly he thought of your "Challenge
> to Apollo" book, Asif. He said he thought it was a remarkable job, and of
> course I agreed. He found it hard to believe, as I do, that you wrote the
> book without making even one trip to Russia.
I've started a fund titled "Send Asif to Russia" and am taking
contributions. So far we have enough money to send him surface mail,
parcel post, in a medium-size crate. If somebody will donate a pillow,
some blankets, and some canned goods, he should be quite comfortable.
DDAY
From JamesOberg@aol.com Mon Nov 27 03:54:46 2000
Date: Sun, 26 Nov 2000 22:54:46 EST
From: JamesOberg@aol.com JamesOberg@aol.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] AP: American millionaire confident Russians will honor his ticket to space
JimO: Anybody know any specific barriers to Tito riding the Soyuz replacement
to ISS on April 30? Who at NASA has effective yay-or-nay control over this
idea?
Nov. 26, 2000
American millionaire confident Russians will honor his ticket to space
STAR CITY, Russia (AP) - For years, people have talked of traveling to
space as tourists, but it has only been talk - until now.
Dennis Tito, who started dreaming of space flight when he watched
Sputnik's launch as a teen-ager, who worked as a rocket scientist charting
paths to planets, then switched to investing and became a multimillionaire,
has a ticket to ride.
The fit, 60-year-old Californian has left his 30,000-square-foot Pacific
Palisades mansion for two rooms in the Star City cosmonaut training center in
Russia to prepare for the launch, which could come early next year.
He has deposited millions of dollars - each one worth 28 rubles - in an
escrow account, to be released to the cash-strapped Russian space authorities
the moment he is launched as the first space tourist, but not a millisecond
before.
That's all in his contract, his ticket.
''The key is launch,'' Tito said recently during an interview in Star
City. ''All they have to do is light the rockets and the escrow opens up and
they get all the money. And it's a lot of money. ... There's a real strong
incentive, I think, for the Russians to fly me.''
But the question remains: Which space station will he fly to?
There's a chance, however slight, it will be a turn-out-the-lights
mission in January to the Russian Space Agency's abandoned Mir. A suicide
dive is planned for February, and a crew will be sent beforehand only if a
problem in preparations arises.
More likely it will be a taxi ride to the newly occupied, NASA-led
international space station Alpha. In April, the attached Soyuz capsule, the
crew's lifeboat, needs to be replaced.
Tito says the pendulum has swung toward Alpha in light of Russia's
recent decision to ditch Mir. Either way, if he hasn't left Earth by June 30,
2001, the deal's off. That's also in his contract with the Russians.
''I just hope this doesn't become some kind of a political mess between
the two agencies or the two countries,'' he says with a sigh at the end of
the training day, weary from the uncertainty surrounding his promised
mission, not from the work.
A clash of titans, though, may be coming.
Yuri Semyonov, president and general designer of Russia's RSC Energia
corporation, says he's committed to honoring Tito's contract.
He doesn't need NASA's or anyone else's permission to launch Tito on a
Soyuz capsule to Mir, or to the international space station if Mir can be
decommissioned by autopilot, Semyonov says huffily.
NASA Administrator Daniel Goldin finds the whole matter distasteful.
It's wrong, he contends, to peddle spaceship seats to rich guys looking for
fun.
''I can't tell the Russians what to do. They're a sovereign program, a
sovereign nation,'' Goldin says. ''But we do have a part to play in it
because the lives, the safety of the astronauts are at stake,'' along with
the future of the space station.
The NASA chief worries that Tito's deal could spur ticket demand for the
international space station. And yet, he says, spare seats on Russian Soyuz
rockets should go to European or Japanese astronauts who have been training
for years, not to wealthy ''spectators.''
The would-be space tourist insists he's more than a spectator.
The oldest child of working-class Italian immigrants became smitten with
space the same way many did: with the launch of the first space satellite,
the Soviet Union's Sputnik, in 1957.
''That opened the Space Age,'' he says, his eyes bright with the
recollection. ''To have experienced the excitement of seeing the first Earth
satellite and then at the same time experiencing the fear that the Soviet
Union was way ahead of us in technology ... what I saw when I was 17 led me
to enroll in aerospace engineering the next year.''
Tito ended up at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., in
1964, plotting the flight paths for NASA's Mariner probes to Mars and Venus.
During that time, he once called the space agency to get information on
becoming an astronaut, but it never went beyond that single phone call.
Eventually, he put his dream on hold and changed course.
Quitting his $15,000-a-year lab job to start his own investment
business, he made his first million before he turned 40. His firm, Wilshire
Associates, is a powerhouse that manages more than $10 billion in assets. At
his quarters in the cosmonaut complex, a computer chirps constantly with
e-mail messages from his home office in Santa Monica, Calif.
Even as he built his business, though, the idea of space travel remained
with him.
In 1991, the now wealthy Tito, in Russia on business, found himself checking
out the ''guest cosmonaut'' program, under which a Japanese TV reporter and a
British chemist flew to Mir for a price. Tito was interested in
participating, but the Soviet Union's collapse prevented that from happening.
Then, earlier this year, he got a call from MirCorp, the Amsterdam-based
firm trying to raise money to keep the space station going, with commercial
applications in mind. MirCorp eventually signed ''Survivor'' producer Mark
Burnett for a ''Destination Mir'' series. And ''Titanic'' director James
Cameron expressed interest in a trip to Mir, but did not put down any money.
Would Tito be interested, MirCorp wondered, in flying to a resurrected
Mir?
In April, MirCorp's bigwigs went to his home in the Pacific Palisades
area of Los Angeles and, within 15 minutes, a deal was clinched.
Tito, who's divorced with three children in their 20s, won't say how
much he's paying for the one- to two-week space adventure. MirCorp's list
price: $20 million.
Recalling the deal as he sits amid the Russian woods, more than an
hour's drive from Moscow, Tito says his willingness to undergo months of
rigorous training - he's taking a break to go home for Thanksgiving - shows
his serious intentions.
Day after day at Star City, morning until evening is spent cramming.
Besides classwork, Tito has endured eight times the force of Earth's gravity
in the centrifuge and spent considerable time in a Soyuz mock-up.
''It's not a prison or anything,'' Tito said in early November, sitting
in his Star City apartment. ''But it's a far cry from someone of my living
standard would have.''
How many rooms are there in his Pacific Palisades home, by comparison?
''I never even counted them,'' he says. ''It's 30,000 square feet on
nine acres with a guest house and a pool house, a running track. It's
probably one of the biggest houses in the city.''
Trappings of success aside, Tito insists he's not ''just a wealthy guy
who's looking for kicks.''
He stresses: ''I'm not crazy. ... I haven't let the success go to my
head. I've let the success say: Look, let's take my life in more places.
Let's make life more fulfilling.''
To be launched from the same pad where Sputnik soared would be
especially gratifying, since it's Sputnik that motivated him 43 years ago.
''I could just see myself lying on my deathbed at 90,'' Tito says, ''and
saying, 'Yeah, what a life. You did it all. You made the full circle.' ''
There's nothing wrong with civilians shelling out cash for the
opportunity to fly to space, says Alex Roland, a former NASA historian who
teaches at Duke University. But to Mir - scene of an intense fire and
near-catastrophic collision in 1997 and uninhabited since June? (The fate of
Mir appears to be sealed: Russia's cabinet decided on Nov. 16 to abandon the
space station and let it fall into the Pacific in February on its 15th
birthday.)
''To think people would line up to pay big money to get on the Titanic like
that ...,'' Roland says. Still, he called Tito's ''an open contract among
consenting adults.''
NASA astronaut Ken Bowersox, who served as the backup for international
space station skipper Bill Shepherd, considers it money well spent.
''It's not like the money is just going to waste,'' Bowersox notes.
''That money is going to go into the space program and it's going to pay for
people over here, it's going to pay salaries. ... He's supporting the program
and that helps us.''
Some at NASA worry about Tito's physical ability to handle a space trip.
If anything goes wrong, the safety of the entire crew could be jeopardized by
this cosmonaut-come-lately.
''He meets the parameters,'' Semyonov responds, noting Tito had to pass
all the cosmonaut medical tests.
Short, slim and bald, Tito looks years younger than 60. Evidence of a
healthy lifestyle is everywhere in his Star City apartment: worn running
shoes, whole-wheat pasta, organic tomato sauce, soy protein.
He says he was inspired by John Glenn's return to orbit at age 77 in
1998: ''If he wasn't too old, I'm not too old.'' Yet he quickly notes, ''I'll
be the oldest person to fly the first time. The oldest rookie.''
Tito insists he won't be shattered if the Russians break their contract
and he never makes it to space.
''The way I look at it is, every day counts and every day I'm learning
about manned space flight. I'm learning about systems. I'm not sacrificing
anything in terms of my business. My business is trucking along.
''I'm learning how to be alone. I'm learning how a different society
works. I'm meeting astronauts and cosmonauts. I'm living in a spartan
environment and learning that I don't need all this wealth and if I didn't
have this wealth, I'd still be happy.
''Oh, I've already won.''
From wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu Mon Nov 27 04:26:40 2000
Date: Sun, 26 Nov 2000 23:26:40 -0500 (EST)
From: Dwayne Allen Day wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu
Subject: [FPSPACE] AP: American millionaire confident Russians will
On Sun, 26 Nov 2000 JamesOberg@aol.com wrote:
> JimO: Anybody know any specific barriers to Tito riding the Soyuz replacement
> to ISS on April 30? Who at NASA has effective yay-or-nay control over this
> idea?
I dunno about that, but I do comment on something related to it down
below. I thought that this was generally a pretty decent article on
Tito. It certainly makes him out to be an okay-guy, and it had some hard
news in there about exactly when the money changes hands. Comments on
that below.
> American millionaire confident Russians will honor his ticket to space
> ''The key is launch,'' Tito said recently during an interview in Star
> City. ''All they have to do is light the rockets and the escrow opens up and
> they get all the money. And it's a lot of money. ... There's a real strong
> incentive, I think, for the Russians to fly me.''
Now this is interesting because previous reports said that MirCorp gained
access to the last of Tito's money on December 1. This contradicts those
reports. Now it is possible that Tito was scheduled to put the last of
the money in escrow on Dec. 1. So maybe he put $5 million in on Nov. 1,
and another $10 million in on Nov. 15, etc.
But what it also indicates is that neither the Russians nor MirCorp gets
the money until Tito is off the ground. That is not good for either of
them, because they need the money NOW to keep things going.
> Yuri Semyonov, president and general designer of Russia's RSC Energia
> corporation, says he's committed to honoring Tito's contract.
> He doesn't need NASA's or anyone else's permission to launch Tito on a
> Soyuz capsule to Mir, or to the international space station if Mir can be
> decommissioned by autopilot, Semyonov says huffily.
But doesn't Semyonov need permission from the Russian space
agency? Energia is not in charge of Russia's participation in the space
station, so Semyonov has to get approval from somebody in the space
agency, right?
With that in mind, it is worth noting that a chief spokesperson for RSA,
Gorbunov, keeps saying that Tito is not qualified to fly as a
cosmonaut. (One wonders about the internal bureaucratic politics
here. Does the cosmonaut office have something against Tito? There were
certainly members of NASA's astronaut office who objected to passengers on
the shuttle during the 80s, saying that they would get in the way.) So is
it possible that the RSA tells Energia that Tito cannot fly?
(My guess is that if Tito does not fly to ISS, it will all happen behind
the scenes and nobody at NASA will ever publicly say anything.)
DDAY
From Palladium@aol.com Mon Nov 27 14:22:39 2000
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2000 09:22:39 EST
From: Palladium@aol.com Palladium@aol.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] RED MOON, new novel by DS Michaels, now available
Dear fellow FPSpacers...
My novel RED MOON, written with the help of fellow FPSpacers Mark Wade and
David Harland, published
by FireWord Press, is now available via Amazon.com. Here's a direct link
for anyone who cares (or dares)
to order it:
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1930782128/o/qid=975296931/sr=8-1/ref=a
ps_sr_b_1_3/106-4314669-1589214
The listing just popped up a couple days ago in a preliminary form, and
lacks a synopsis and PW review.
I'm told these will follow shortly.
Thanks to Mark, David and everyone on this wonderful list for helping me
with this project and seeing it to
fruition! Please feel free to post reviews, good or bad (preferably good,
of course), or provide me some
feedback either directly or via this list.
DS Michaels
From lklaes@bbn.com Mon Nov 27 16:00:55 2000
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2000 11:00:55 -0500
From: Larry Klaes lklaes@bbn.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Interview with Mir astronatu Dr. David Wolf
Dr. David Wolf spent 119 days on board the Russian space station Mir in
1997. Jennifer Laing reports on a recent presentation by Wolf at Johnson
Space Center Houston, in which he spoke on living and working in space
and the exciting possibilities offered by the International Space Station
for research and development.
Read the special article. A Universe Today Exclusive:
http://www.universetoday.com/html/special/davewolf.html
From JamesOberg@aol.com Mon Nov 27 16:50:58 2000
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2000 11:50:58 EST
From: JamesOberg@aol.com JamesOberg@aol.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Russians To Propose Redocking Progress To Test SW Patch
Aerospace Daily - 27 November 2000
Progress may be used to test software fix at Station Alpha
FLIGHT TEST: Cosmonaut Yuri Gidzenko may get another chance to demonstrate
his prowess with the TORU manual docking system on Space Station Alpha.
Flight controllers in Moscow suspect a software glitch kept the KURS
automatic docking system from working properly when the latest Progress
resupply capsule arrived, failing to distinguish clearly between the Zarya
and Zvezda modules as it approached Zarya's nadir docking port.
Last week Russian programmers were readying a software patch for
uplinking. To test it, they were considering having Gidzenko use TORU to
undock the Progress and back it off for another attempt at automatic
docking with the updated KURS.
With the Space Shuttle Endeavour due to
deliver a new Station solar array next Sunday, the test will have to be
done in time to get the Progress out of the way. If the Russians formally
propose the test, watch NASA - which hasn't forgotten the harrowing 1997
Progress collision with Mir - push for a quick but stringent safety review.
From JamesOberg@aol.com Mon Nov 27 21:24:19 2000
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2000 16:24:19 EST
From: JamesOberg@aol.com JamesOberg@aol.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Duma Resolution on Mir
Jim asks, does anybody have the text of the resolution passed by the Duma on
Friday concerning Mir?
---
Duma dumps draft decision on keeping "Mir" in orbit
Friday, November 24, 2000 9:52 AM EST
MOSCOW, November 24 (Itar-Tass) - Russia's State Duma lower house of
parliament has rejected without debate a draft resolution calling for the
orbital space station "Mir" to be kept in orbit. The resolution was backed by
196 votes at a plenary meeting on Friday, short of the necessary minimum of
226 votes.
The defeated resolution contained recommendations to the Cabinet to
consider possibilities for financing further "Mir" activity in space.
"The Mir research complex should continue its work in space because it
is the only manned orbital station owned by Russia, which keeps it in the
lead in developing space technologies," supporters of the resolution said.
Duma deputies may resume the debate at a later date.
- - - - - - - - - - - -
State Duma calls for manned flight of Mir orbiting station
Friday, November 24, 2000 11:46 AM EST
MOSCOW, November 24 (Itar-Tass) - The State Duma thinks it necessary to
continue the manned flight of the Mir orbiting station, says a resolution
adopted at the Duma plenary meeting on Friday. The deputies voted twice to
approve the resolution.
The manned flight of the Mir will save over 100,000 jobs for scientists,
engineers and workers of high skills, the lawmakers said. It will also
promote science-consuming products and
technologies, draw foreign investments and develop fundamental and applied
exploration of space.
The Mir will enable Russia "to counterbalance the U.S. ambitions of
determining the world order on earth and in space," the lawmakers said.
The preservation of the Mir and further scientific research on its board
will help Russia to unite other countries and international organizations for
the sake of space exploration, the deputies
noted.
From rui_barbosa\@clix.pt Tue Nov 28 01:05:33 2000
Date: Tue, 28 Nov 2000 01:05:33 -0000
From: Rui Manuel e Castro da Silva Barbosa rui_barbosa\@clix.pt
Subject: [FPSPACE] Times in space and the duration of shuttle missions...
Dear friends,
I know that this questions doesn't has the importance of some subjects that
hare here debated about the actual moment in space flight, but for some,
like me who wants to have the perfect statistics about spaceflight, this is
a question that put some problems in my statistics.
Well, has we know, and by definition, an Earth day has the duration of about
24 hours. But, in reality, an Earth day is 23 hours 56 minutes 4 seconds. In
my database all space missions durations are with the 24 hour format. With
so many missions now the 4 minute difference can be vey significant.
I just want to know your opinion about this ( ... or do you think that I
should go to a psychiatrist???? :) ).
Othet question that I have is about the space shuttle missions. We star to
count the duration of the mission with the SRB's ignition ... shouldn't we
stop the count with the weels stop? Or just stop with the shuttle touchdown?
... ok, ok!!! I will search for my medicine!!!
Greetings from Portugal to all!!!!!!
Rui C. Barbosa, Braga, Portugal
From kgottschalk@uwc.ac.za Tue Nov 28 10:22:10 2000
Date: 28 Nov 2000 12:22:10 +0200
From: Keith Gottschalk kgottschalk@uwc.ac.za
Subject: [FPSPACE] Visiting Fellowship for Asif
the good-hearted Dwayne typed:
>I've started a fund titled "Send Asif to Russia" and am taking
>contributions. So far we have enough money to send him surface mail,
>parcel post, in a medium-size crate. If somebody will donate a pillow,
>some blankets, and some canned goods, he should be quite comfortable.
Asif, apologies that South Africa's lousey foreign exchange rate ptevents me donating anything useful. I do have left over some 5 rouble plastic tokens for the Moscow tube train from 1997. But alas, I am told they have now been replaced by magnetic swipe cards.
Still, that line on your c.v. should help you get a Fulbright or somethng or other? Unless there is red tape hassles like you are a Bangladeshi citizen resident in the USA, etc, etc.
Keith
From kgottschalk@uwc.ac.za Tue Nov 28 10:42:46 2000
Date: 28 Nov 2000 12:42:46 +0200
From: Keith Gottschalk kgottschalk@uwc.ac.za
Subject: [FPSPACE] Is Tito go for orbit?
>escrow account, to be released to the cash-strapped Russian space authorities
>the moment he is launched as the first space tourist, but not a millisecond
>before.
Very sensible. Now wonder he became richer than the rest of us. That's the only way he can ensure that corporations in the red will fly him. & even then, they might say "only if you pay an extra $ XX can you fly".
While Energia needs the $$ now, some bank will oan them something against am excrow account - but not of course at prime rate.
I think Dan Goldin is
a) being ungracious to a veteran JPL - NASA employee;
b) dog-in-the-manger attitude to "space passengers". How can one passenger on a passenger jet "endanger" the crew? In any disaster, the worst that can happen is that physical frailty means he will be left behind. Thie "passenger" has enough technology life skills to appreciate not to touch what you are told not to touch. That like all passengers you are under captain's orders.
The 1st scheduled airtline passengers in the USA flew in an open cockpit behind the pilot (B-3 on the air mail contract). Commercial tourists should be welcomed as supplementary budget add-ons !
From wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu Tue Nov 28 14:36:57 2000
Date: Tue, 28 Nov 2000 09:36:57 -0500 (EST)
From: Dwayne Allen Day wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu
Subject: [FPSPACE] Is Tito go for orbit?
On Tue, 28 Nov 2000, Keith Gottschalk wrote:
> While Energia needs the $$ now, some bank will oan them something
> against am excrow account - but not of course at prime rate.
I think Energia could get a loan. MirCorp would have a harder time. But
I think that MirCorp only gets a small percentage anyway--a "finder's
fee."
> I think Dan Goldin is
>
> a) being ungracious to a veteran JPL - NASA employee;
A super-rich former-NASA employee. It's a little hard to feel sorry for a
guy with a mansion in Pacific Palisades.
> b) dog-in-the-manger attitude to "space passengers". How can one
> passenger on a passenger jet "endanger" the crew? In any disaster, the
> worst that can happen is that physical frailty means he will be left
> behind. Thie "passenger" has enough technology life skills to
> appreciate not to touch what you are told not to touch. That like all
> passengers you are under captain's orders.
My guess is that Goldin's statement covered a lot of things. The NASA
astronaut corps probably still has vivid memories of flying with all kinds
of passengers in the early 80s. They don't want to have a repeat of the
Jake Garn experience.
DDAY
From robot@ultimax.com Tue Nov 28 18:31:40 2000
Date: Tue, 28 Nov 2000 14:31:40 -0400
From: Robert G Kennedy III robot@ultimax.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Re: FPSPACE digest, Vol 1 #137 - 5 msgs
>Well, has we know, and by definition, an Earth day has the duration of about
>24 hours. But, in reality, an Earth day is 23 hours 56 minutes 4 seconds. In
>my database all space missions durations are with the 24 hour format. With
>so many missions now the 4 minute difference can be vey significant.
If you write the equation of motion for an earth orbiting satellite,
starting from first principles, and plug in:
- gravitational constant (or earth's grav parameter in a different formed eq)
- earth's equatorial radius,
- earth's eccentricity
- satellite inclination, and
- orbital height = perigee = apogee = ~35800 km
you will get a period of 1436 minutes plus a little bit, which is what we
expect.
Those 4 minutes per day are "lost" because, in addition to spinning like a
top, the earth is also traveling around the sun in a curved path. To a
observer fixed on earth's surface keeping time by a 24-hour clock, every
day the sun would arrive at the same precise point over the observer's head
about 4 minutes sooner that it did the day before. Multiply 365.25 x 4
minutes to see for yourself. If the orbital path were straight, i.e.
infintesimal curvature, or the period was reckoned with respect to
something really far away the galactic core (same thing) then a day really
would be 24 hours long. But 24 is divisible by many numbers which makes it
handy (base-12 math), so we use that. There are higher order corrections,
viz: leap years, centuries, etc. but that's the main one.
--
Robert Kennedy, PE
http://www.ultimax.com
From albonnici@vol.net.mt Tue Nov 28 20:25:58 2000
Date: Tue, 28 Nov 2000 21:25:58 +0100
From: Alex Michael Bonnici albonnici@vol.net.mt
Subject: [FPSPACE] John F. Kennedy "We Choose To Go To The Moon" Speech At Rice University
Hello Gang,
If you want to listen to one of the most inspiring speeches of
the 20th Century, made in an era when our political leadership dared to
dream great dreams go to the following link:
http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/jfk-space.htm
It is sure to brighten your day.
AD ASTRA,
Alex Michael Bonnici
http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/8505
From routier@tig.com.au Tue Nov 28 21:08:23 2000
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2000 08:08:23 +1100
From: Brett Harrison routier@tig.com.au
Subject: [FPSPACE] John F. Kennedy "We Choose To Go To The Moon" Speech At
Rice University
Alex Michael Bonnici wrote:
>
> Hello Gang,
> If you want to listen to one of the most inspiring speeches of
> the 20th Century, made in an era when our political leadership dared to
> dream great dreams go to the following link:
> http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/jfk-space.htm
Yep, this is a great speech! "We choose to go to the moon, and do the other
things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard." Great stuff!
Who was Kennedy's main speechwriter in those days? I read about him, but forgot
his name...
--
Brett Harrison
"If the law was worth a damn, we wouldn't need lawyers at all!"
- Peter Fable (1996)
From JamesOberg@aol.com Tue Nov 28 22:46:56 2000
Date: Tue, 28 Nov 2000 17:46:56 EST
From: JamesOberg@aol.com JamesOberg@aol.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Feoktistov position in mid-1985?
Just a question for something I'm writing, what was Konstantin Feoktistov's
official position in 1985? Was he still a high official, or had he retired?
For our Russian speaker friends:
I've also been told his last name was a Russification of some Greek Orthodox
religious official, a "theoctist", but I've never been able to find anything
more. It doesn't appear to be that unusual a Russian name.
Thanks!
JimO
From danroam@deepcold.com Wed Nov 29 04:00:57 2000
Date: Tue, 28 Nov 2000 23:00:57 -0500
From: Dan Roam danroam@deepcold.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] finally updated www.deepcold.com with new movies
After months of promises, I finally completed and posted 4 new Quicktime
clips of forgotten Soviet and American spacecraft in action:
Dyna Soar, Zvezda and Spiral can now be viewed in all their fictitious glory
at:
http://www.deepcold.com
Blue Gemini, MOL and the Soviet LK remain on the site as well.
Be aware: the clips are BIG (from 6-12Mb each) and require Quicktime 4 to
view, but I think they are worth the free plug-in download. I hope you all
like 'em.
Thanks,
Dan
----
Dan Roam
danroam@deepcold.com
http://www.deepcold.com
From bhen@tijd.com Wed Nov 29 10:59:58 2000
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2000 11:59:58 +0100
From: Bart Hendrickx bhen@tijd.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Feoktistov position in mid-1985?
Jim Oberg wrote :
>Just a question for something I'm writing, what was Konstantin Feoktistov's
>official position in 1985? Was he still a high official, or had he retired?
According to "Who's who in space" he was forced to retire in 1990 after
Semyonov took over from Glushko as general designer of NPO Energiya
(Feoktistov had apparently been too outspoken about the Buran programme,
which he considered a waste of money, and Semyonov happened to be the chief
designer of Buran). I think that in 1985 he still had a high position within
NPO Energiya (perhaps you should check the Energiya 1946-1996 book).
Officially, he was a cosmonaut until 28 October 1987. He doesn't seem to
provide many clues about his later career in his new book "Trayektoriya
zhizni", which contains few autobiographic details from the period after his
Voskhod mission, except that he was bumped from Soyuz T-3 in 1980 with only
weeks to go before launch (he thinks because of some kind of conspiracy
against him).
>For our Russian speaker friends:
>I've also been told his last name was a Russification of some Greek
Orthodox
>religious official, a "theoctist", but I've never been able to find
anything
>more. It doesn't appear to be that unusual a Russian name.
What I've found is that "Feoktistov" is derived from the christian name
"Feoktist", which in turn is a russification of the Greek name "Theoktistos"
(literally "created by the gods").
Bart Hendrickx
From WSpaceport@aol.com Wed Nov 29 11:31:06 2000
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2000 06:31:06 EST
From: WSpaceport@aol.com WSpaceport@aol.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] Finally. . . Space to become a "Presidential issue" this Wednesday
In a message dated Tue, 28 Nov 2000 3:32:15 PM Eastern Standard Time, Marianne Dyson writes:
<< We are sometimes so busy we miss history in the making! Let's not forget to share the excitement of the next space shuttle launch this Thursday. . .Long gone are the days when the TV channels will break in to show a launch, but thankfully, the Internet is always on. . .>>
******************************************
FWIW--It's my understanding that space will also become a "Presidential" issue on Wednesday night. . .
. .Unfortunately, it's on NBC's "The West Wing."
Although the ads have been highlighting the threat of a nuclear missile silo explosion in Russia, one of the other story arcs for Wednesday's episode is supposed to involve problems behind one of NASA's unmanned probes landing on the Red Planet.
Sharp-eyed viewers will recall last season's cliffhanger from the multi-Emmy Award-winning series featured a storyline involving a shuttle mission with a stuck payload bay door; one of the crew members in jeapordy was the brother of "White House staffer Toby Ziegler". . .
~JS~
From wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu Wed Nov 29 15:14:16 2000
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2000 10:14:16 -0500 (EST)
From: Dwayne Allen Day wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu
Subject: [FPSPACE] John F. Kennedy "We Choose To Go To The Moon" Speech At
Rice University
On Wed, 29 Nov 2000, Brett Harrison wrote:
> Yep, this is a great speech! "We choose to go to the moon, and do the other
> things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard." Great stuff!
> Who was Kennedy's main speechwriter in those days? I read about him, but
> forgot his name...
Theodore Sorenson, who also served as an advisor (most speechwriters these
days just write speeches). Sorenson also had input from a number of
people on the Rice U speech, including his own brother, who worked for the
US Information Agency.
There is a new book out about the Kennedy era. The title escapes me, but
the author notes that if you look at Kennedy's speeches as a senator,
before Sorenson came along, you will see that JFK himself was not an
inspiring orator. Sorenson wrote many of Kennedy's best speeches.
Although he was great at inspiring language, one of his real strengths was
his ability to write for Kennedy's unique cadence. He knew how Kennedy
spoke--where he would pause for a breath or for emphasis--and wrote for
that.
DDAY
From JamesOberg@aol.com Wed Nov 29 17:21:35 2000
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2000 12:21:35 EST
From: JamesOberg@aol.com JamesOberg@aol.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] space.com: NASA Leaves Door Ajar For Tito Flight To ISS
NASA Leaves Door Ajar For Tito Flight To ISS
By Todd Halvorson
Cape Canaveral Bureau Chief
posted: 06:31 pm ET
27 November 2000
CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – The chances of would-be space tourist Dennis Tito
flying to the International Space Station next year might be slim to none,
but NASA – at least publicly – isn’t completely slamming the door shut on
the controversial idea.
"I think we’d have to wait and see how it all works out," former NASA chief
astronaut Robert Cabana, now the agency’s manager for international space
station operations, told SPACE.com Tuesday during a news conference at
Kennedy Space Center.
Tito, a multimillionaire investment manager from California, had hoped to
become the world’s first space tourist with a flight to the aging Russian
space station Mir early next year.
A former NASA engineer, Tito already has made partial payment on a $20
million ticket sold by the private company MirCorp and RKK Energia, the
Russian company that operates Mir.
The flight to Mir, however, appears to be "no-go" for launch.
The Russian Aviation and Space Agency (Rosaviakosmos) said earlier this month
that Mir will be sent on a destructive plunge through the atmosphere – and
into the Pacific Ocean – a week after the station’s 15th anniversary in
February.
In a Nov. 16 interview with SPACE.com, Tito said he was working on a deal to
launch aboard a Russian Soyuz spacecraft for a six-day stay at the new
international station in late April.
Both NASA and Rosaviakosmos officials at the time said the deal was news to
them.
Cabana, however, left the door slightly ajar.
The topic, he said, is one that NASA officials are not currently negotiating
with their counterparts at Rosaviakosmos. He added that Rosaviakosmos
officials have said publicly that they have received no request from MirCorp
or RKK Energia to fly Tito.
At the same time, though, Cabana noted that NASA and its international
partners still are in the early stages of a daunting string of critical
missions aimed at building a 480-ton station – a job many considering the
most complex engineering project of all time.
"I think right now, at this point in the (station) assembly sequence, we have
a tremendous job up there, and we want to have professional astronauts doing
it," the veteran shuttle mission commander said.
Still unclear: Whether NASA ultimately would take issue with any Russian move
to fly Tito during the crucial early stages of station construction.
"Whether or not we’d object or not, I can’t say at this time," Cabana said.
"I’d have to wait and see what gets presented. We’ll evaluate it at the
proper time when the Russians come to us and say this is something they want
to do, and this is what they have worked out."
From WSpaceport@aol.com Thu Nov 30 01:42:41 2000
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2000 20:42:41 EST
From: WSpaceport@aol.com WSpaceport@aol.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] JFK Speech At Rice
In a message dated 11/28/2000 9:08:57 PM, routier@tig.com.au writes:
> Yep, this is a great speech! "We choose to go to the moon, and do the other
> things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard." Great
stuff!
>
> Who was Kennedy's main speechwriter in those days? I read about him, but
> forgot his name...
Ted Sorensen. Although I think Kenny O'Donnell, and to a lesser extent,
press secretary Pierre Salinger also were contributors. . .
The Main Question I have is this: The audio of the speech is available at the
website; where can one get the *video* (16mm film) of the speech in its'
entirety? JFK Library in Boston? JSC film archives in Houston?
I've seen snippets of the speech -- with two of the longest segments running
about a minute or two each that were featured in the documentaries "The Space
Movie" and "For All Mankind" -- but never the entire beginning to end.
FYI -- "Thirteen Days" with Kevin Costner in the role of JFK adviser and
personal friend Kenny O'Donnell during the Cuban Missile Crisis is due out
around the holidays.
I've seen the trailer and it looks pretty good. . .Remains to be seen how it
will compare to William Devane's turn as JFK (with Martin Sheen as Bobby
Kennedy) in the late 70's TV teleplay "The Missiles of October."
~JS~
From pete.d.jennings@lmco.com Thu Nov 30 05:33:24 2000
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2000 22:33:24 -0700
From: pete.d.jennings@lmco.com pete.d.jennings@lmco.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] RE: Kennedy
On Wed, 29 Nov 2000, Brett Harrison wrote:
> Yep, this is a great speech! "We choose to go to the moon, and do the other
> things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard." Great stuff!
Unfortunately, we never did "the other things." Kennedy was talking about nuclear thermal rockets. We'd probably have a Mars base by now, if we had done these other things.
---Pete Jennings
Spacecraft Integration Manager
International Launch Services
From wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu Thu Nov 30 06:17:32 2000
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2000 01:17:32 -0500 (EST)
From: Dwayne Allen Day wayneday@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu
Subject: [FPSPACE] RE: Kennedy
On Wed, 29 Nov 2000 pete.d.jennings@lmco.com wrote:
> > Yep, this is a great speech! "We choose to go to the moon, and do
> > the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are
> > hard."
>
> Unfortunately, we never did "the other things." Kennedy was talking
> about nuclear thermal rockets.
No he wasn't. Nuclear thermal rockets are not mentioned in that
speech. The text prior to that section reads:
"There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as
yet. Its hazards are hostile to us all. Its conquest deserves the best of
all mankind, and its opportunity for peaceful cooperation many never come
again. But why, some say, the moon? Why choose this as our goal? And they
may well ask why climb the highest mountain? Why, 35 years ago, fly the
Atlantic? Why does Rice play Texas?"
"We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade
and do the other things, not only because they are easy, but because they
are hard..."
So clearly "the other things" refers to climbing mountains, flying the
Atlantic and playing U Texas--i.e. other things that are difficult to do.
> We'd probably have a Mars base by now, if we had done these other things.
That's putting the cart in front of the horse. You build rockets because
you have established a goal and need the rockets to get there. The United
States sunk a lot of cash into nuclear rockets, but never established a
goal that required them.
DDAY
From routier@tig.com.au Thu Nov 30 08:21:29 2000
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2000 19:21:29 +1100
From: Brett Harrison routier@tig.com.au
Subject: [FPSPACE] JFK Speech At Rice
DDAY is right about Sorensen writing for Kennedy's cadence. You read those
words, and you can hear his voice.
WSpaceport@aol.com wrote:
> FYI -- "Thirteen Days" with Kevin Costner in the role of JFK adviser and
> personal friend Kenny O'Donnell during the Cuban Missile Crisis is due out
> around the holidays.
>
> I've seen the trailer and it looks pretty good. . .Remains to be seen how it
> will compare to William Devane's turn as JFK (with Martin Sheen as Bobby
> Kennedy) in the late 70's TV teleplay "The Missiles of October."
I remember this show vividly, though I haven't seen it since. Made me realise
what I'd lived through - I was too young to appreciate the actual events when
they happened.
--
Brett Harrison AKA "Spike"
"If the law was worth a damn, we wouldn't need lawyers at all!"
- Peter Fable (1996)
From clj@emc.com Thu Nov 30 13:31:24 2000
Date: 30 Nov 2000 08:31:24 -0500
From: Chris Jones clj@emc.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] JFK Speech At Rice
Brett Harrison writes:
WSpaceport@aol.com wrote:
> FYI -- "Thirteen Days" with Kevin Costner in the role of JFK adviser and
> personal friend Kenny O'Donnell during the Cuban Missile Crisis is due out
> around the holidays.
>
> I've seen the trailer and it looks pretty good. . .Remains to be seen how it
> will compare to William Devane's turn as JFK (with Martin Sheen as Bobby
> Kennedy) in the late 70's TV teleplay "The Missiles of October."
I remember this show vividly, though I haven't seen it since. Made me realise
what I'd lived through - I was too young to appreciate the actual events when
they happened.
Yeah, I was 9, living in Rhode Island and about to move to Alaska. I remember
seeing a map on TV, showing the ranges of the missiles in Cuba, and how they
reached RI. I said something like, at least in Alaska we'll be out of range of
those missiles. My father pointed out that Alaska was rather closer to a whole
lot of Soviet Union-based missiles...
To try to drag this to relevancy to this list, I am still awestruck by the
difference between those days and today. The difficulties in our relations
with Russia don't begin to compare with the cloud we all lived under in those
days. I've tried to explain it to my kids, and they have a hard time
understanding -- they think all our (both sides) leaders were nuts (which is an
understandable conclusion).
The Boston Globe had an interview with Arthur Schlesinger yesterday (currently
online at
http://www.boston.com/dailyglobe2/334/living/Schlesinger_Today_s_leaders_don_t_match_past_giants+.shtml,
but it won't last for long) in which he talks about both the crisis and the
movie. The relevant excerpts:
Q. So there's still much to say about Camelot?
A. Oh, yes. Two books about the Cuban Missile Crisis, for instance, show how
lucky we were to have Kennedy as president during what was the most dangerous
moment in the history of the world. We now know that there were 42,000 Soviet
troops in Cuba, not 10,000. I was in Havana with Bob McNamara five years ago,
when a former Soviet general said he had authorization to use tactical
nuclear missiles if America invaded Cuba. McNamara practically fell out of
his seat when he heard that.
Q. Have you seen the new film ''Thirteen Days''?
A. I have not. I read an early script, and Ted Sorensen and I consulted on
it. Ted saw the film and told me it was Kenny O'Donnell saving the
world. Now, Kenny was an admirable man, but he had nothing to do with the
Cuban Missile Crisis.
From JamesOberg@aol.com Thu Nov 30 15:20:54 2000
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2000 10:20:54 EST
From: JamesOberg@aol.com JamesOberg@aol.com
Subject: [FPSPACE] JFK Speech At Rice
In a message dated 11/30/00 8:07:34 AM Central Standard Time, clj@emc.com
writes: << Two books about the Cuban Missile Crisis, for instance, show how
lucky we were to have Kennedy as president during what was the most
dangerous
moment in the history of the world. >>
More self-serving Kennedyesque self-glorification, IMHO. If somebody else had
been president, there might never would have been any Soviet missiles even
REACH Cuba.