BISNIS
OCT 95

Economic Platforms of Russian Political Parties

SUMMARY

1. SINCE AUGUST, POLITICAL MOVEMENTS, PARTIES AND COALITIONS HAVE HELD THEIR CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES, DRAFTED ELECTORAL LISTS AND OUTLINED THEIR PLATFORMS. MANY ANALYSTS HAVE COME TO THE CONCLUSION THAT THE ELECTION WILL BE CONTESTED OVER PERSONALITIES RATHER THAN POLICIES. A KEY FEATURE OF THE CAMPAIGN HAS BEEN THE BREAKUP OF POLITICAL FORCES INTO SMALL GROUPINGS. NEVERTHELESS. ECONOMIC DOCTRINES OF PARTIES AND MOVEMENTS ARE BECOMING MORE HOMOGENEOUS. MOST PARTIES SUPPORT CONTINUATION OF A MARKET ECONOMY. BUT ALL ARGUE FOR IMPROVED "ORDER" IN ECONOMIC LIFE. INDEED. EVEN THE COMMUNISTS AND AGRARIANS HAVE TO A SOME DEGREE COME TO SEE THE FIGHT AGAINST INFLATION AS A PRIORITY. IN ADDITION. ACROSS THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM, THE NEED FOR IMPROVED SOCIAL PROTECTION AND HIGHER LIVING STANDARDS FOR THE POPULACE ARE A KEY THEME. MOST PARTIES ARE UNWILLING TO ALLOW MARKET SIGNALS ALONE TO GUIDE RESTRUCTURING AND ACCORDINGLY, FAVOR SOME VARIATION OF INDUSTRIAL POLICY. IF THE GOALS OF ECONOMIC POLICY ARE GENERALLY AGREED, THE MEANS TO THESE ENDS VARY CONSIDERABLY. FURTHER. IT MAY BE DIFFICULT TO EQUATE PARTY PLATFORMS WITH POSITIONS IN THE NEXT DUMA. END SUMMARY

RUSSIA'S DEMOCRATIC CHOICE

3. SINCE THE 1993 PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS. THE SO- CALLED RADICAL REFORMERS GROUPED UNDER YEGOR GAYDAR HAVE LOST THEIR ROLE AS THE LEADERS OF ECONOMIC POLICY AS THEIR APPROACH HAS BEEN PROGRESSIVELY COOPTED BY THE CHERNOMYRDIN GOVERNMENT. THE ECONOMIC POLICY PLATFORM OF RUSSIA'S DEMOCRATIC CHOICE HAS NOT CHANGED AND IS LITTLE DIFFERENT, IN PRACTICAL TERMS, FROM GOR POLICY.

4. NOT SURPRISINGLY, YEGOR GAYDAR REMAINS THE PRINCIPAL ECONOMIC THINKER IN RUSSIA'S DEMOCRATIC CHOICE. HIS INSTITUTE-- ECONOMIES IN TRANSITION-- HAS DEEPENED ITS MACROECONOMIC EXPERTISE AFTER A LONG PERIOD OF FOCUS ON STRUCTURAL AND POLITICAL ECONOMIC ISSUES.

YABLOKO: A GAULLIST PLATFORM

5. SINCE HIS DAYS DRAFTING THE 500 DAY PLAN, GRIGORIY YAVLINSKIY HAS ALWAYS HAD A MORE DIRIGISTE BENT THAN MOST OF HIS RADICAL REFORM COUNTERPARTS. HE HAS LONG ARGUED THAT MACROECONOMIC TOOLS COULD NOT YIELD STABILIZATION UNLESS ACCOMPANIED BY THOROUGH DEMONOPOLIZATION AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN RUSSIAN INDUSTRY. HIS CURRENT ELECTORAL PLATFORM ADDS IN A GOOD DOSE OF POPULISM. PUSHING FOR STATE-DRIVEN INVESTMENT AT THE EXPENSE OF INFLATION FIGHTING. YABLOKO'S ECONOMIC PLATFORM CALLS FOR MONETARY FINANCING OF THE BUDGET DEFICIT AND TOLERATION OF MONTHLY INFLATION RATES OF UP TO 15 TO 20 PERCENT, IN ORDER TO BOOST INVESTMENT AND OUTPUT.

6. YAVLINSKIY'S REFLATIONARY APPROACH AIMS TO CHANNEL DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN INVESTMENT. MAINLY INTO RUSSIA'S EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES. DEMAND FROM THESE SECTORS FOR INVESTMENT GOODS WOULD THEN BOOST OUTPUT IN MANUFACTURING. LEADING TO AN INVESTMENT LEAD GROWTH CYCLE. OTHER KEY POINTS INCLUDE:

7. THE YABLOKO ELECTORAL LIST IS HEAVY ON ECONOMIC TALENT. ECONOMIC POLICY DEVELOPMENT FOR YABLOKO IS DONE AT YAVLINSKIY'S EPI-CENTER (THE CENTER FOR ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL RESEARCH). LEADING MEMBERS OF THE YABLOKO FACTION ARE ON THE EPICENTER STAFF AND YABLOKO DEPUTIES HAVE PLAYED A CRUCIAL ROLE IN ECONOMIC LEGISLATION OVER THE LAST TWO YEARS. THESE INCLUDE: MIKHAIL ZADORNOV, THE INFLUENTIAL HEAD OF THE BUDGET,TAXATION, FINANCE AND BANKING COMMITTEE: ALEKSEY MIKHAILOV. HEAD OF THE ECONOMIC POLICY COMMITTEE' SUBCOMMITTEE ON EXTERNAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND ALEKSEY MELNIKOV, AUTHOR OF THE PRODUCTION SHARING BILL.

BLOC PAMFILOVA-GUROV-LYSENKO (REPUBLICAN PARTY)

8. FORMER MINISTER OF SOCIAL PROTECTION AND EX-GAYDAR STALWART ELLA PAMFILOVA IS LEADING AN ALLIANCE WITH THE REPUBLICAN PARTY WHICH IS CALLING FOR MARKET REFORMS BUT WITH AN EMPHASIS ON SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR THE MAJORITY OF RUSSIAN POPULATION.

CENTRIST PARTIES

OUR HOME IS RUSSIA "NASH DOM ROSSIYA"(NDR): FROM STABILIZATION TO INVESTMENT

9. PRIME MINISTER CHERNOMYRDIN'S CENTRIST BLOC. BY DEFINITION, SUPPORTS THE ECONOMIC POLICIES OF THE GOR, BUT PROMISES ADAPTATION AND MODIFICATION OF THESE POLICIES IN THE NEXT GOVERNMENT. FIRST DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER ANATOLIY CHUBAYS. THE LEAD ECONOMIC POLICYMAKER OF THE GOR. IS NOT RUNNING ON THE NDR, OR ANY OTHER LIST. HIS PROTEGE, FORMER HEAD OF THE FEDERAL BANKRUPTCY AGENCY, AND CURRENT GKI CHAIRMAN (ON LEAVE) SERGEY BELYAYEV. IS NDR'S CAMPAIGN DIRECTOR AND MAS A HIGH SPOT ON THE NDR LIST ALONG WITH FORMER MINISTER OF ECONOMY ALEKSANDR SHOKHIN. THE LATTER IS NDR'S NOMINAL ECONOMIC POLICY SPOKESMAN.

10. THE KEY "NEW" THEME OF THE NDR PROGRAM IS THAT THE "LIBERAL" STAGE OF REFORMS. WHICH HAS PREPARED A BASIS FOR THE ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION OF RUSSIA. IS COMING TO AN END. REPLACING FINANCIAL STABILIZATION AT ANY PRICE AS THE TOP PRIORITY OF ECONOMIC POLICY IS STIMULATION OF NATIONAL CAPITAL ACCUMULATION. OTHER KEY GOALS ARE THE DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE COOPERATION BETWEEN GOVERNMENT, THE PRIVATE AND STATE SECTORS: AND, IMPROVED SOCIAL PROTECTION. THE SLOGAN OF CREATING IN RUSSIA A "MIXED SOCIALLY ORIENTED ECONOMIC SYSTEM" SEEMS TO IMPLY A MOVE TOWARDS EUROPEAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY WHICH SHOKHIN HAS TERMED "SOCIAL GOVERNMENTAL LIBERALISM."

11. IN THE FIELD OF PRIVATIZATION NDR IS PLANNING TO MAKE A "NINETY DEGREE TURN" - USING PRIVATIZATION TO GENERATE CAPITAL FOR INVESTMENT AND RESTRUCTURING INSTEAD OF FOR FINANCING THE FEDERAL BUDGET. THE CAMPAIGN PLATFORM ALSO CALLS FOR AN ENHANCED ROLE FOR THE PRIVATE SECTOR. AT THE EXPENSE OF THE STATE. IN MICROECONOMIC DECISION-MAKING.

FORWARD, RUSSIA "VPERED, ROSSIYA": NATIONALIST ECONOMIC LIBERALISM

12. BORIS FEDOROV HAS DEVELOPED A POPULIST, NATIONALISTIC APPROACH TO ECONOMIC LIBERALISM. WHICH CALLS FOR A BETTER STANDARD OF LIVING FOR THE AVERAGE RUSSIAN AT THE EXPENSE OF PRIVILEGE AND THE IMPOSITION OF ORDER IN ECONOMIC LIFE.

13. ON THE MACROECONOMIC SIDE, THE FORMER FINANCE MINISTER ADVOCATES STRONG ANTI-INFLATIONARY MEASURES SINCE INFLATION CONTRIBUTES TO THE DISINTEGRATION OF SOCIETY AND THE NATIONAL ECONOMY. THE CENTRAL BANK SHOULD BE PROHIBITED FROM FINANCING THE GOR'S DEFICIT, EMISSIONS SHOULD BE BACKED BY HARD CURRENCY OR GOLD AND THE RUBLE SHOULD BE FULLY CONVERTIBLE. A CLEAR AND ORDERLY SET OF ECONOMIC POLICIES IS NEEDED IN PLACE OF TODAY'S HODGEPODGE, ACCORDING FEDOROV. ON THE FISCAL SIDE. RUSSIA NEEDS AN ORDERLY BUDGET AND TAX SYSTEM. TAX REFORM NEEDS TO SHIFT TAX COLLECTION FROM COMPANIES TO INDIVIDUALS, WITHOUT INCREASING THE OVERALL TAX BURDEN. THIS WOULD SERVE TO IMPROVE TAX COMPLIANCE,AND SUPPORT ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY. ON MICROECONOMIC POLICY. FEDOROV WANTS TO PUT BUSINESS ACTIVITY IN ORDER ON THE BASIS OF LAW RATHER THAN BUREAUCRATIC CONTROL.

MODERATE NATIONALIST PARTIES

CONGRESS OF RUSSIAN COMMUNITIES "KONGRESS RUSSKIKH OBSHCHIN (KRO): THE CORPORATIST MODEL

14. SERGEY GLAZYEV, FORMER MINISTER OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND CHAIRMAN OF THE DUMA'S ECONOMIC POLICY COMMITTEE, SPLIT WITH THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF RUSSIA TO JOIN WITH YURIY SKOKOV AND GENERAL LEBED IN THE KRO. OTHER ECONOMIC POLICY THINKERS IN THE PARTY INCLUDE FORMER FIRST DEPUTY SECRETARY OF THE MOSCOW CITY COMMITTEE OF THE CPSU AND PROFESSOR OF ECONOMICS LUDMILA VARTAZAROVA, BUSINESSMAN KONSTANTIN ZATULIN, CHAIRMAN OF THE DUMA PRIVATIZATION COMMITTEE SERGEY BURKOV.

15. PART OF GLAZYEV'S ECONOMIC PLATFORM IS BASED ON A CENTRAL ROLE FOR INDUSTRIAL POLICY IN PROMOTING A TECHNOLOGY- DRIVEN ECONOMIC RECOVERY. GLAZYEV, WHO WAS NAMED A FULL DOCTOR OF SCIENCES AT THE UNHEARD OF AGE OF 29. BASED HIS DISSERTATION ON THE CONCEPT THAT THE DISTORTIONS IN THE SOVIET ECONOMY AROSE FROM A MULTIPLICITY OF "TECHNOLOGICAL PARADIGMS" IN THE ORGANIZATION OF PRODUCTION. (NOTE: THIS CONCEPT APPEARS TO BE THE PRODUCT OF MARXIST-LENINIST ECONOMICS FILTERED THROUGH THE SOVIET SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICAL CENTRAL PLANNING. ACADEMICIAN SERGEY LVOV, DIRECTOR OF THE CENTRAL ECONOMIC AND MATHEMATICAL INSTITUTE. IS A CLOSE ADVISOR AND GLAZYEV CONTINUES TO MAINTAIN STRONG TIES TO THE ECONOMIC INSTITUTES OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.) YURIY SKOKOV IS ALSO APPARENTLY AN ADEPT OF THE "TECHNOLOGICAL PARADIGM" APPROACH TO ECONOMIC POLICY.

16. GLAZYEV CALLS FOR THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT TO IMPLEMENT STRUCTURAL REFORMS TO REVITALIZE INDUSTRY AND PROVIDE GDP GROWTH. PRIVATIZATION OF ENTERPRISES IS SECONDARY TO STRUCTURAL REFORM. (FELLOW KRO CANDIDATE SERGEY BURKOV. CHAIRMAN OF THE DUMA PRIVATIZATION COMMITTEE SEEMS TO ARGUE SIMILARLY.) HE PLACES LITTLE EMPHASIS ON TRADITIONAL MACROECONOMIC TOOLS AND BELIEVES LOOSER MONETARY POLICY IN THE FORM OF CENTRALIZED CREDITS TO INDUSTRY ARE WORTH THE ATTENDANT JUMP IN INFLATION. AS MINISTER OF FOREIGN TRADE, GLAZYEV PRESSED FOR LIBERALIZATION OF FOREIGN TRADE COMBINED WITH SOME PROTECTION OF DOMESTIC PRODUCERS AND IMPROVED STATE CONTROL OF EXPORT AND IMPORT ACTIVITY.

17. YURIY SKOKOV'S ECONOMIC POLICY PLATFORM. PRIOR TO GLAZYEV'S JOINING THE BLOC, CALLED FOR PROTECTION OF DOMESTIC INDUSTRY, WITH LITTLE EMPHASIS ON STRUCTURAL REFORM. THE CONGRESS HAD ANNOUNCED THAT ITS POLICY WOULD BE AIMED AT ATTRACTING TRADITIONAL REGIONAL AND LOCAL ELITES, INTRODUCING SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ACHIEVEMENTS TO THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY, PROVIDING ADEQUATE SUPPORT FOR RUSSIAN SCIENCE, AND CREATING AN ADEQUATE STANDARD OF LIVING AS THE MATTER OF HUMAN DIGNITY. THE ECONOMIC POLICY VIEWS OF GENERAL LEBED, THE THIRD KEY KRO LEADER, ARE SKETCHY AT BEST.

TRADE UNIONS AND INDUSTRIALISTS OF RUSSIA (RUSSIAN UNITED INDUSTRIAL PARTY AND INDEPENDENT TRADE-UNIONS OF RUSSIA): REMNANTS OF THE LEFT CENTER BLOC

18. VLADIMIR SHCHERBAKOV'S INDUSTRIALISTS OF RUSSIA PARTY LEADS THIS BLOC----. SHCHERBAKOV IS JOINED BY ARKADIY VOLSKIY'S UNION OF INDUSTRIALISTS AND ENTREPRENEURS AND BY THE OLD OFFICIAL TRADE UNION FEDERATION ("FEDERATION OF INDEPENDENT TRADE UNIONS") LED BY MIKHAIL SHMAKOV.

19. SHCHERBAKOV REJECTS "MONETARISM" AS THE BASIS FOR REFORMS IN RUSSIA. THE KEY TO ECONOMIC GROWTH IS INVESTMENT. WHICH IS TO BE FINANCED FROM REVENUES FROM RUSSIA'S OIL AND GAS SECTOR. SHCHERBAKOV IS PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL FOUNDATION FOR INVESTMENT AND PRIVATIZATION ("INTERPRIVATIZATSIYA") WHICH SEEKS TO PAIR FOREIGN INVESTORS WITH RUSSIAN PROJECTS. AND TO IMPROVE THE INVESTMENT CLIMATE FOR BOTH FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC INVESTORS.

20. REGARDING EXTERNAL FOREIGN ECONOMIC POLICY. SHCHERBAKOV HAS STATED HIS BELIEF THAT RUSSIA SHOULD NOT TRY TO INGRATIATE ITSELF WITH THE G-7. THE INVESTMENT CRISIS IN RUSSIA IS TO BE SOLVED "NOT BY CLINTON OR KOHL, BUT WITH THE HELP OF PRIVATE WESTERN CAPITAL INFLOWS." THE LACK OF APPROPRIATE POLITICAL GUARANTEES IN RUSSIA IS THE MAJOR OBSTACLE FOR ATTRACTING WESTERN INVESTMENT.

21. MIKHAIL SHMAKOV'S FEDERATION OF INDEPENDENT TRADE UNIONS, THE DESCENDENT OF THE OLD SOVIET OFFICIAL UNIONS, HAS NOT ANNOUNCED A NATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY PLATFORM OF ITS OWN. ITS ALLIANCE WITH THE INDUSTRIALISTS IS NOT AS SURPRISING AS IT MIGHT SEEM IN THE WEST. SHMAKOV'S UNIONS INCLUDE MANAGEMENT AS WELL AS LABOR, AND HAVE REPEATEDLY BACKED THE POSITIONS OF "RED DIRECTORS" IN EMPHASIZING FULL EMPLOYMENT AND FULL USE OF INDUSTRIAL CAPACITY AS KEY ECONOMIC GOALS. PRIOR TO JOINING SHCHERBAKOV'S BLOC. SHMAKOV AND SHCHERBAKOV WERE PART OF DUMA SPEAKER IVAN RYBKIN'S LEFT CENTER COUNTERPART TO NDR.

ULTRA-NATIONALIST PARTIES

LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF RUSSIA (LDPR): VODKA POPULISM

22. VLADIMIR ZHIRINOVSKIY'S LDPR ECONOMIC PLATFORM CALLS FOR A "MULTISTRUCTURAL" ECONOMY. IN CONTRAST TO GLAZYEV'S THEORY OF FOSTERING RECOVERY THROUGH A NEW "TECHNOLOGICAL PARADIGM" OF PRODUCTION, THE LDPR MODEL CALLS FOR THE COEXISTENCE OF. FOR EXAMPLE. PEASANT. COLLECTIVIZED AND COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE. ON A LESS THEORETICAL BASIS. ZHIRINOVSKIY'S POPULIST RHETORIC PROMISES AN IMMEDIATE INCREASE IN BASIC CONSUMPTION. ZHIRINOVSKIY'S ALSO ARGUES FOR A CLOSED ECONOMY. WITH RUSSIAN ENERGY AND RAW MATERIALS RESERVED FOR DOMESTIC ECONOMIC NEEDS. THE INDUSTRIALIZED WESTERN COUNTRIES REMAIN "ENEMIES" OF RUSSIA REQUIRING 'ANTI-IMPERIALIST' SOLIDARITY (IN PARTICULAR WITH LIBYA, IRAQ. NORTHERN KOREA, ETC.) OVERALL THE LDPR IS SOMEWHAT SHORT PUBLICLY ON ECONOMIC THINKING. ITS LEADING MEMBER ON ECONOMIC ISSUES IS DUMA INDUSTRY COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN VLADIMIR GUSEV, WHO HAS PROVEN TO BE AN EFFECTIVE AND PRAGMATIC LEGISLATOR IN AREAS SUCH AS ENERGY LEGISLATION.

MAJOR LEFT-ORIENTED PARTIES

COMMUNIST PARTY OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION

24. GENNADIY ZYUGANOV IS JOINED AT THE TOP OF THE COMMUNIST LIST BY PROMINENT PERESTROIKA ERA ECONOMIST SVETLANA GORYACHEVA AND AMAN TULEYEV. A LEADER OF THE 1989 KUZBAS COAL STRIKES AND CURRENT HEAD OF THE KEMEROVO OBLAST DUMA. YURIY MASLYUKOV. FORMER GOSPLAN CHAIRMAN. IS ALSO ON THE SLATE. THE PARTY MAINTAINS THE FORMAL OBJECTIVES OF THE RESTORATION OF THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION TO PUBLIC OWNERSHIP AND THE DIRECT REGULATION OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY BY THE STATE. HOWEVER, THE PARTY HAS TWO PRINCIPAL FACTIONS: A CENTRIST "SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC" WING LED BY ZYUGANOV, AND AN ORTHODOX WING.

25. THE PARTY'S "MINIMUM PROGRAM" CALLS FOR THE STEADY RETURN TO A "SOCIALIST" TYPE OF ECONOMY WITH THE TEMPORARY PRESERVATION OF PLURALISTIC ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE MEDIUM-TERM PERSPECTIVE. ACCORDING TO RUSSIAN ANALYSTS. THE "CENTRIST" LINE IS NOT IN FAVOR OF RENATIONALIZATION OF ENTERPRISES EXCEPT, PERHAPS IN THE LONG-RUN, BUT DOES ADVOCATE SELECTED "REPRIVATIZATIONS" TO ACHIEVE ITS SOCIAL GOALS, ESPECIALLY IN CASES WHERE THE EMPLOYEES "LOST OUT" IN PRIVATIZATION. SECTORAL POLICIES ARE PROJECTED TO FAVOR AGRICULTURE AND THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX AT THE EXPENSE OF ENERGY AND FINANCIAL INTERESTS.

26. THE "ORTHODOX" WING OF THE CPRF SUPPORTS OUTRIGHT CANCELLATION OF THE ENTIRE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF PRIVATIZATION ENACTED PRIOR TO THE ELECTION OF THE CURRENT DUMA. OWNERSHIP OF ENTERPRISES PRIVATIZED UNDER THESE REGIMES WOULD BE TRANSFERRED TO THEIR "LABOR COLLECTIVES". A TWO- TO THREE-YEAR PLAN OF 'NATIONAL ECONOMIC RECOVERY' WOULD BE DIRECTED TO REGIONS, PARTICULAR ECONOMIC SECTORS AND ENTERPRISES. A POLICY OF DE-STATIZATION WOULD PROVIDE A REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND INCENTIVES FOR IMPROVING SOVIET-ERA ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE AT THE ENTERPRISE. REGIONAL AND BRANCH LEVELS.

27. BOTH TENDENCIES OF THE PARTY AGREE ON A VARIETY OF MEASURES INCLUDING: INTRODUCTION OF A "HARD" RUBLE WITH A FIXED EXCHANGE RATE OF ONE RUBLE TO THE DOLLAR; AND. A RENT CAP OF FIVE PERCENT OF PERSONAL INCOME.

AGRARIAN PARTY OF RUSSIA: DEFENDING THE COLLECTIVES

28. ALLIED WITH THE COMMUNIST PARTY, PARTY LEADER MIKHAIL LAPSHIN IS JOINED AT THE TOP OF THE PARTY LIST BY DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER ALEKSANDR ZAVERYUKHA. LIKE THE COMMUNISTS. THE AGRARIANS FAVOR STRONG STATE CONTROL OF THE ECONOMY IN A "SOCIALLY-ORIENTED MIXED ECONOMY" INCLUDING PRICE CONTROLS ON ENERGY. TRANSPORTATION, MILLING AND BREAD.

29. THE AGRARIANS SUPPORT A REVIEW OF PRIVATIZATION TO RESTORE PROPERTY TO THOSE FROM WHOM IT WAS "STOLEN" IN THE VOUCHER PRIVATIZATION PROCESS. THE PARTY'S PRIMARY PLATFORM PLANK, HOWEVER. IS OPPOSITION TO THE PRIVATE OWNERSHIP, PURCHASE AND SALE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND. WITHIN THIS CONSTRAINT, THE PARTY SUPPORTS DIVERSITY OF LAND TENURE ARRANGEMENTS BEYOND MAINTENANCE OF COLLECTIVE AGRICULTURE.

PARTY OF WORKING PEOPLE'S SELF-MANAGEMENT: AESOP'S FABLE

30. DOCTOR SVYATOSLAV FEDOROV. WORLD-RENOWNED FOR HIS EYE MICROSURGERY TECHNIQUES AND ONE OF PERESTROIKA'S SHINING SUCCESSES, ESTABLISHED HIS POLITICAL PARTY IN EARLY 1995. HE STANDS SOMEWHAT IN OPPOSITION TO VIRTUALLY ALL OTHER MAJOR CAMPS. FOLLOWING GLAZYEV'S SPLIT WITH THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY. PARTY LEADER STANISLAV GOVORUKHIN HAS ALLIED HIS WING OF THE DPR WITH FEDOROV.

31. SVYATOSLAV FEDOROV'S PROGRAM IS BASED ON PURE MICROECONOMICS. HE CALLS FOR THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE ECONOMY SO THAT EVERY INDIVIDUAL'S REVENUES ARE DIRECTLY, AND TRANSPARENTLY. DEPENDENT ON THEIR PRODUCTION. FEDOROV CLAIMS WHILE STATE OWNERSHIP IS THE "MOST INEFFECTIVE" ARRANGEMENT. THE CURRENT PRIVATIZATION PROCESS IS ALSO INEFFECTIVE, BECAUSE IT DOES NOT FUNDAMENTALLY CHANGE THE ROLE OF THE EMPLOYEE. USING THE MODEL OF HIS OWN MICROSURGERY ENTERPRISE. S.FEDOROV ADVOCATES THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE ENTIRE ECONOMY INTO "CLOSED JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES" IN WHICH EVERY STAFF MEMBER'S INCOME IS BASED SOLELY ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF PROFITS.

32. TRANSLATING HIS PROGRAM TO A COUNTRY-WIDE SCALE, FEDOROV CLAIMS THAT HIS APPROACH IS A "THIRD WAY" BETWEEN CAPITALISM AND SOCIALISM. HE PROPOSES TO GRANT 10 YEAR TAX HOLIDAYS TO STARTUPS TO FOSTER THE CREATION OF FIVE TO SIX MILLION NEW PRIVATE/WORKER-OWNED COMPANIES. HE ENVISIONS A 20 YEAR TRANSFORMATION OF RUSSIA INTO A "MORALLY BASED ECONOMY." THE PARTY OF WORKERS' SELF MANAGEMENT HAS NOT ANNOUNCED POSITIONS ON MACROECONOMIC ISSUES BEYOND ITS FISCAL EFFORTS TO SUPPORT ENTERPRISE CREATION. THE PARTY SUPPORTS BOTH PRIVATE AND COLLECTIVE OWNERSHIP OF LAND.

A CONFUSED SPECTRUM

33. GROUPED ON THE BASIS OF PROFESSED ECONOMIC POLICY PLATFORMS, RUSSIA'S POLITICAL PARTIES ARE HARD TO PLACE ON A RIGHT-LEFT SPECTRUM. RUSSIA'S DEMOCRATIC CHOICE IS ALMOST ALONE IN CALLING FOR CLASSICAL ECONOMIC LIBERALISM. BORIS FEDOROV'S PLATFORM IS BASED ON LIBERAL ECONOMIC TENETS BUT IS WRAPPED IN POPULIST/NATIONALIST RHETORIC. YABLOKO. CONSIDERED TO BE SOLIDLY IN THE DEMOCRATIC CAMP. IS QUITE CLOSE TO THE KRO REGARDING DEFICIT SPENDING. TOLERATION OF INFLATION AND INDUSTRIAL POLICY. THE ZYUGANOV WING OF THE KPRF AVOWS TO BE SIMILAR IN ITS APPROACH. CHERNOMYRDIN'S NDR IS RELUCTANT TO RUN ON THE GOR'S RECORD BUT CANNOT RUN AGAINST IT EITHER AND HAS YET TO OFFER A CONVINCING EXPLANATION OF HOW ITS POLICIES WOULD DIFFER IN THE NEXT STAGE OF ECONOMIC REFORM. NUMEROUS OTHER PARTIES AND BLOCS HAVE NO SPECIFIC ECONOMIC PROGRAMS AND ARE RUNNING ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY ON STRENGTH OF THEIR LEADERS' POPULARITY.