Vol. 1, No. 45, Part II, 4 June1997

Vol. 1, No. 45, Part II, 4 June1997

This is Part II of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty's Newsline.
Part II is a compilation of news concerning Central, Eastern, and
Southeastern Europe.  Part I, covering Russia, Transcaucasia and
Central Asia, is distributed simultaneously as a second document.
Back
issues of RFE/RL NewsLine are available through RFE/RL's WWW
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Back  issues of the OMRI Daily Digest are available through OMRI's
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Headlines, Part II

* UKRAINIAN PARLIAMENT ASKS KUCHMA TO EXPLAIN TREATY WITH RUSSIA

* MORE BOMB SCARES IN TIRANA

* U.S. PRAISES ZAGREB, SLAMS BELGRADE, PALE

End Note : The Revival of Fascism

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EAST-CENTRAL EUROPE

UKRAINIAN PARLIAMENT ASKS KUCHMA TO EXPLAIN TREATY WITH RUSSIA. Legislators
have asked President Leonid Kuchma to explain the recently signed treaty with
Russia and the deal dividing the Black Sea fleet. ITAR-TASS on 4 June quoted
parliamentary chairman Olexander Moroz as saying lawmakers as well as all
Ukrainians have differing views on the agreements. Moroz said legislators want
further clarification on the Black Sea fleet deal. In particular, Kuchma has
been asked to explain the leasing agreement under which Russia will pay for
the use of port facilities in Sevastopol by writing off part of Ukraine's debt
for gas deliveries.

U.S., RUSSIA CONGRATULATE UKRAINE, ROMANIA ON TREATY. The U.S. State
Department on 3 June congratulated Romania and Ukraine on the signing of the
bilateral treaty the previous day. Spokesman Nicholas Burns said the accord is
an "important contribution to the construction of an undivided Europe rooted
on the common values of democracy and cooperation." In Moscow, Foreign
Ministry spokesman Gennadii Tarasov also welcomed the signing of the treaty
and told journalists it is in line with efforts aimed at creating a new
atmosphere in Europe. He said the document will in no way influence the still
pending bilateral treaty between Russia and Romania. He added that Russia was
prepared to sign the treaty "when the Romanian side is ready to do so,"
ITAR-TASS reported. Talks on the Russian- Romanian treaty have stalled mainly
owing to Romanian insistence on including a denunciation of the
Molotov-Ribbentrop pact in the document.

UKRAINIAN PRESIDENT APPROVES DISMISSAL OF CRIMEAN PRIME MINISTER. Kuchma on 3
June approved the dismissal of Crimean Prime Minister Arkadi Demidenko,
ITAR-TASS reported. The Crimean parliament has voted three times to dismiss
Demidenko. Meanwhile, RFE/RL's Kyiv correspondent reported on 3 June that
Kuchma has agreed to appoint Anatoli Franchuk as prime minister of the
autonomous Crimean Republic.

UKRAINE TO PRIVATIZE SOME 4,000 STATE COMPANIES IN 1997. The parliament on 3
June approved a plan to privatize 4,222 large and medium-sized state
enterprises in 1997, Interfax-Ukraine reported. The companies, some of which
will be restructured before they are privatized, will be purchased either with
cash or with the privatization or "compensation" vouchers. The vouchers given
to citizens to make up for their financial losses during the years of
hyper-inflation immediately following the country's independence from the
Soviet Union in 1991.

BELARUSIAN DIPLOMAT ASKS FOR POLITICAL ASYLUM IN FRANCE. Second Secretary at
the Belarusian Embassy in Paris Vladimir Polupanov has asked the French
government to grant him political asylum, ITAR-TASS reported on 3 June.
Belarusian Foreign Ministry spokesman Igor Poluyan told the agency that
Polupanov quit his post about a month before seeking asylum.

TURKISH PRESIDENT IN ESTONIA. Suleyman Demirel met with President Lennart Meri
in Tallinn on 3 June to discuss bilateral ties and Estonia's bid to join NATO
and the EU, BNS and ETA reported. Demirel said his country supports Estonia's
membership in both organizations. He also opened the Turkish-language faculty
at the Tallinn Pedagogical University. The school is financed by the Turkish
Embassy and is the only Turkish-language faculty in the Baltic States. The
same day, the Estonian and Turkish economy ministers signed agreements on
protection of investments and on free trade. Estonia, which currently has a
trade surplus with Turkey, imports mostly fruits and textiles and exports
timber. Demirel is due to arrive in Riga on 4 June on the last leg of his tour
of the Baltic States.

HAS LATVIAN PRESIDENT BREACHED ANTI-CORRUPTION LAW? The daily Diena reported
in its 3 June issue that Guntis Ulmanis has also broken the anti-corruption
law, which bars state officials from holding other posts, according to BNS.
The report came one day after Ulmanis said on national radio that the
country's image was suffering because of suspicions that some ministers are
holding positions outside the government (see RFE/RL Newsline, 3 June 1997).
The daily said that Ulmanis is still registered as director of a municipal
public utility company and as president of another firm. Ulmanis has denied
breaking the anti-corruption law. He says that he has not been active in
either position and has informed the Prosecutor's Office about those
appointments. He is also considering bringing libel charges against Diena
unless it retracts the headline of the report, which read "Ulmanis Too Has
Violated Anti-Corruption Law."

POPE MEETS WITH CENTRAL, EASTERN EUROPEAN LEADERS. Pope John Paul II was
joined by the presidents of Germany, the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary,
Slovakia, Lithuania, and Ukraine at a mass in Gniezno on 3 June honoring St.
Adalbert, a 10th-century Christian martyr of Czech origin. St. Adalbert, a
bishop and missionary, who was killed by a non-Christian tribe in 997, is
remembered for spreading Christianity in Poland, Bohemia. and Hungary. At the
mass, the pope warned that there is a new "invisible wall" of selfishness and
prejudice in Europe. He said that the years of fighting in the former
Yugoslavia and this year's crisis in Albania show an increased insensitivity
to the value of human life. At a meeting with the presidents after the mass,
the pontiff called on European organizations to admit all states wishing to
join. He said that "no nation, not even the poorest, should be excluded."

CZECH PREMIER ACCUSED OF WITHHOLDING IMF LETTER FROM GOVERNMENT. Czech Foreign
Minister Josef Zieleniec, who is also deputy chairman of Prime Minister Vaclav
Klaus's Civic Democratic Party, told Czech Television on 3 June that Klaus
never showed him a letter from Stanley Fisher, the deputy managing director of
the International Monetary Fund. Zieleniec's statements come in the wake of
Deputy Prime Minister and coalition Christian Democratic Union Chairman Josef
Lux's comments on Czech TV two days earlier that Klaus had withheld from the
government a letter from Fisher that was critical of the economic and currency
situation in the Czech Republic. Both Zieleniec and Lux said they would have
reacted differently to the growing economic problems, if they had known about
the letter. Klaus rejected Lux's allegations on 3 June but refused to comment
on Zieleniec's statement. The same day, Klaus met with Fisher to discuss the
current economic problems in the Czech Republic.

CHAIRMAN OF CZECH LOWER CHAMBER COMMENTS ON RUSSIA, NATO. Milos Zeman,
chairman of the lower house of the Czech parliament, told journalists in
Moscow on 3 June that Russia, as a democratic country, must respect other
nations' bid to join NATO. Zeman is heading a Czech parliamentary delegation
that recently visited Ukraine and is now in Moscow. Following his 4 June
meeting with Russian Foreign Minister Yevgenii Primakov, Zeman said that the
recent Russia-NATO accord eliminates Moscow's "justified security doubts." He
stressed that nations wanting to join the alliance will "in no way threaten
Russia," adding he understands Russia's fears of deploying nuclear weapons and
foreign troops on the territory of new NATO members.

RUSSIAN-BORN MUSICIAN NAMED CHIEF CONDUCTOR OF CZECH PHILHARMONIC. The
Russian-born pianist Vladimir Ashkenazy has been named chief conductor of the
Czech Philharmonic Orchestra, CTK reported on 4 June. His appointment comes
some 18 months after the German conductor Gerd Albrecht resigned from that
post under pressure from the Czech media and authorities. Ashkenazy will
remain chief conductor of the German Symphony Orchestra in Berlin. His
contract with the Czech Philharmonic runs until 2001.

DEMONSTRATIONS IN SLOVAKIA. Some 8,000 people demonstrated in Bratislava on 3
June to protest the government's interference in the 23-24 May referendum on
NATO membership and direct presidential elections, RFE/RL's Bratislava Bureau
reported. The government had refused to include the elections question on the
referendum ballots, despite a Constitutional Court ruling that the question
could be included. The demonstration was organized by eight opposition parties
that agreed the same day on the text of a draft constitutional amendment on
direct presidential elections. They also agreed to call a special session of
the parliament at which they will attempt to remove Interior Minister Gustav
Krajci, whom they accuse of obstructing the referendum. Meanwhile, the ruling
coalition and the post-communist Party of the Democratic Left have announced
they will submit their own draft constitutional amendments on direct
presidential elections.

NATO'S EUROPEAN COMMANDER DECORATED IN HUNGARY. NATO Supreme Allied Commander
Europe Gen. George A. Joulwan has received the top Hungarian state award for
his role in IFOR/SFOR operations as well as for his support of Hungarian
efforts to gain full NATO membership, Hungarian media reported on 4 June.
Defense Minister Gyoergy Keleti handed Joulwan the Hungarian Middle Cross with
a Star, while President Arpad Goencz thanked him in a congratulatory letter
for the "breathtaking results" that the Partnership for Peace program achieved
owing to Joulwan's commitment and initiative.


SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE

MORE BOMB SCARES IN TIRANA. Bomb scares forced the closure of a high school,
an elementary school, and a bar in Tirana on 3 June, Dita Informacion reported
(see RFE/RL Newsline, 3 June 1997). Another bomb threat was directed toward
the president's office, but police found no explosives there. Albanian Daily
News added that a bomb exploded after curfew near the university on 2 June,
but nobody was injured. An exchange of fire, however, reportedly followed the
blast. Meanwhile, Rilindja Demokratike, the organ of President Sali Berisha's
Democratic Party, on 4 June accused "left wing extremists" of planting the
bombs. The London-based Independent, however, said that "Berisha is resorting
to violence to remain in power." Lush Perpali, the Socialist owner of the
restaurant that was blown up on 2 June, demanded the arrest of the journalist
who wrote in the pro-Berisha Albania on 1 June that Perpali had received a
bomb threat. Perpali concluded that the daily knew about the attack in advance
and told its journalists on 3 June that they were working for a "terrorist
newspaper."

GREECE WARNS ALBANIANS AGAINST "COLLECTIVE SUICIDE." Greek Foreign Minister
Theodoros Pangalos said in Tirana on 3 June that Albanians will be committing
"collective suicide" if the 29 June elections do not take place "in the best
acceptable way." He also announced that the 300,000 Albanian immigrants in
Greece will be able to go home to vote and return to Greece without applying
for new visas. Pangalos urged the Albanian government and President Berisha to
lift the state of emergency and pledged Greek support in organizing and
monitoring the vote. Prime Minister Bashkim Fino asked Pangalos to support an
extension of the multinational forces' mandate and to send a large number of
observers.

ALBANIAN CONSTITUTIONAL COURT FAILS TO RULE ON ELECTION LAW. Constitutional
Court Judge Rustem Gjata on 3 June postponed a decision on the controversial
election law. He did not, however, set another date for a final court session,
Koha Jone reported. Justice Minister Spartak Ngjela had gone to court to
challenge the process by which the 40 parliamentary seats will be allocated on
the basis of proportional representation. According to the law, ten of the
seats will be divided between the two largest parties, while the remaining 30
will go to the smaller parties. Many observers feel that granting the smaller
parties more influence in the parliament is the only way to overcome the
current nationwide polarization between the Democrats and the Socialists.

U.S. PRAISES ZAGREB, SLAMS BELGRADE, PALE. U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine
Albright told ABC TV in Washington on 3 June that her recent tough talk had
"some effect" on Croatian President Franjo Tudjman. She added, however, that
Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic "is in denial" and "lives in a dream
world." Albright said that Milosevic is taking his country "down a rat hole."
Meanwhile, the Croatian state prosecutor's office in Petrinja brought charges
against 12 Croats in connection with attacks on returning Serbian refugees
last month. In Washington, State Department Spokesman Nicholas Burns praised
the move as "a step in the right direction," an RFE/RL correspondent reported
from the U.S. capital. Burns stressed that the State Department is "absolutely
determined" that all refugees be able to go home. He warned both Serbia and
the Bosnian Serbs that they will lose much international assistance unless
they begin to implement all aspects of the Dayton peace accords. Burns
rejected Republika Srpska President Biljana Plavsic's argument that the
Bosnian Serb constitution prohibits the extradition of indicted war criminals.
He said that the Dayton agreement "supersedes anything in the Bosnian Serb
constitution."

MORE BODIES FOUND NEAR VUKOVAR. UN experts on 2 and 3 June exhumed some 20
bodies from a mass grave that may eventually yield at least 60 corpses. The
bodies are those of Croats from the village of Lovas, which the Serbs captured
in June 1991, an RFE/RL correspondent reported from the area. The
investigators have already removed another 200 bodies from a nearby site, and
the Hague-based war crimes tribunal has indicted three Yugoslav army officers
in conjunction with that massacre. In Backa Palanka, UN officials announced
that the future border between Serbia and Croatia will follow the middle of
the Danube River and run through the middle of the bridge connecting Backa
Palanka in Serbia with Croatia's Ilok. In Vukovar, UN officials said that 4
June is the first day for motorists to begin the switch to Croatian license
plates. And in Zagreb, U.S. and Croatian officials signed an agreement
providing for $650,000 in assistance to repair railroad connections between
Croatia's Vinkovci and Brcko in Bosnia.

GENSCHER BACKS TUDJMAN OPPONENT IN CROATIA. Former German Foreign Minister
Hans-Dietrich Genscher attended an election meeting in Zagreb on 3 June on
behalf of Liberal presidential candidate Vlado Gotovac. Otto Graf Lambsdorff,
who, like Genscher, is a prominent elder statesman in Germany's Free
Democratic Party, also addressed the symposium. Asked whether he endorsed
Gotovac, Genscher replied: "We are bonded by the same ideals." Lambsdorff
wished Gotovac "all the best in the upcoming election." Genscher was foreign
minister at the time of Croatian independence in 1991 and is easily one of the
most widely admired foreigners in Croatia.

ROUNDUP FROM FORMER YUGOSLAVIA. In Novo Mesto in Slovenia, union leaders at
the Renault plant announced on 4 June that management has not agreed to a wage
increase, despite the threat of a strike slated for the same day. The unions
said that conditions at the plant have become "unbearable" since Renault
recently announced the closure of another plant in Belgium. In Belgrade,
doctors decided to continue their strike until the government pays their back
wages. In Podgorica, Prime Minister Milo Djukanovic visited an area in the
Sandzak region from which paramilitaries drove Muslims in 1992 and 1993, an
RFE/RL correspondent reported. A government spokesman told the daily Pobjeda
that those expulsions were the main topic of the discussions a Montenegrin
delegation recently held with the Hague-based war crimes tribunal.

ROMANIAN POLITICAL UPDATE. On 3 June, a motion of no confidence was officially
moved by 141 legislators representing the three opposition parties in the
parliament. The legislature is to vote on the motion on 6 June. In a separate
development, Victor Ciorbea addressed a joint session of the parliament's two
chambers about reforms introduced so far and the government's future reform
plans, RFE/RL's Bucharest bureau reported. The procedure used for this purpose
is known as "government assumption of responsibility" and is tantamount to a
vote of confidence, unless the opposition moves a no-confidence vote within
three days.

WORLD BANK APPROVES LOANS FOR ROMANIA. The World Bank on 3 June approved three
loans agreed on in principle during bank president James Wolfensohn's recent
visit to Bucharest (see RFE/RL Newsline, 13 May 1997). An RFE/RL Washington
correspondent reported that the loans, totaling $550 million, are to support
what bank officials call Romania's "bold reform initiatives." A $50 million
loan is earmarked for a social protection program to increase child allowances
and to expand food programs for the poor. A $350 million loan is aimed at
helping agricultural reform and accelerating privatization. The third loan,
worth $150 million, is to help improve road infrastructure.

BANKERS JAILED FOR CORRUPTION IN ROMANIA. Three former senior bank officials
and a businessman were sentenced to prison on 3 June on charges of fraud and
forgery, AFP reported. The former director of Credit Bank, Marcel Ivan, was
sentenced to six years in prison. The bank's former economic director and
chief accountant both received less severe sentences, while businessman Jirair
Giulbenghian was jailed for four years. The Credit Bank's license was
withdrawn by the National Bank in April.

BULGARIA PEGS LEV TO GERMAN MARK. Prime Minister Ivan Kostov on 3 June
announced that the Bulgarian currency is to be pegged to the German mark at an
exchange rate of 1,000 leva to DM1. Finance Minister Muravei Radev said the
IMF has approved the plan, which must still be endorsed by the parliament and
is due to take effect on 1 July, at the same time as the new currency board
begins its work, RFE/RL's Sofia bureau reported. Meanwhile, Justice Minister
Vasil Gotsev said a new law drafted by the government will provide for the
confiscation of illegally obtained income and stiff sentences for those who
fail to declare assets, Radio Sofia reported. Slavcho Bosilkov, the head of
Bulgaria's police forces, said five officers from the U.S. Federal Bureau of
Investigation will help with investigations into tax evasion and the
misappropriation of funds.

BULGARIAN PREMIER MEETS WITH EU OFFICIALS. Ivan Kostov, at the start of a
three-day visit to Brussels, was told by the European Commissioner Hans van
der Broek on 3 June that his country is taking the right steps "leading to EU
membership." Van der Broek said both the EU and the Bulgarian people have been
waiting for a government in Sofia to "seriously approach" economic reforms.
Kostov said he was "gratified" by promises of EU support, which, he said, will
allow Bulgaria "to leave no challenge unaddressed" during the reform process.
This is Kostov's first visit abroad as premier.

MOLDOVAN PRESIDENT ON TRANSDNIESTER CONFLICT. Petru Lucinschi says that the
breakaway Transdniester region will eventually "return to the fold" but that
"patience is necessary" in view of the recent "difficult armed conflict."
Lucinschi told a visiting delegation of Bucharest city councilors that the
1997 presidential poll has helped solve "many problems," Rompres reported on 3
June. Meanwhile, Dumitru Diacov, the leader of the pro-presidential Movement
for a Democratic and Prosperous Moldova (MPMPD), says Lucinschi played no part
in the party's initiative to promote early parliamentary elections (see RFE/RL
Newsline, 28 and 30 May 1997). Diacov told Infotag on 3 June that the MPMPD
has "only informed" Lucinschi of its initiative, "but he has not yet reacted
to it."

END NOTE

The Revival of Fascism

by James Hooper

The revival of fascism is a greater threat than most observers realize. In its
various guises--ultra-nationalism, neo-fascism, post-fascism, proto fascism,
or some other form -- it now endangers democracy in many countries. Unless
recognized and checked in time, the rise of fascism will undermine hopes for
democratic expansion and improved security in the post-Cold War international
order.
Extreme nationalist parties have scored unprecedented post-war success in
Western Europe. Some have attracted broader constituencies through
sophisticated propaganda that downplays their extreme nationalist roots and
exploits mainstream concerns about immigration and corruption. But the goal
shared by all European extreme nationalist leaders is political legitimization
as responsible, democratic politicians. The public-policy issue for the U.S.
is to determine the standard to be met by such leaders before deciding whether
to accept them as legitimate democratic partners.
The Balkans provide a grim reminder that the hard-knuckled fascism of the
1990s can induce political psychosis in societies where it takes hold and
historical amnesia in leaders who have the capacity and responsibility to
resist it. Serbian President Milosevic used classic fascist means to define
and pursue national aims: dictatorship, aggression, seizure of territory by
force, destruction of pluralism and democracy, concentration camps, genocide,
and reliance on diplomacy as bluff, gamble, and institutionalized duplicity.
By modeling a violent and intolerant style of politics for a new generation of
European political activists, he projects the power and discipline the fascist
myth can invoke.
Russian ultra-nationalists benefit from Serbian fascism. While extreme
nationalist groups have not gained executive power in Moscow, they have seized
and distorted the democratic political agenda. If fascism moves from agenda
setting to office holding, the U.S. and Europe will be faced with a threat
more dangerous than Soviet communism. The issue for Western policy-makers is
to determine whether concessions to self-professed Russian democrats on
important matters of principle and policy contain or embolden the
ultra-nationalists.
In Asia, Japanese ultra-nationalism is an incipient but containable threat.
China is a different matter. As noted in Bernstein and Munro's book The Coming
Conflict With China, "early twentieth-century fascism," rather than democracy,
is one possible outcome of China's political transition. The inability of
China's repressed democrats to play an active role in the transition
significantly weakens the democratic cause there and shifts the burden of
responsibility to advocates of democracy abroad who have a stake in
influencing the outcome.
What is to be done? The first step is to recognize that democracy is imperiled
when the aim of politics becomes the process of defining enemies, especially
when the enemy is pluralism. For example, to forestall additional defections
by their own supporters, some otherwise democratic parties have begun to
advocate firmer measures to trim the numbers of and social services provided
to immigrants and refugees. In this way, the agenda of fascists begins to
shift the policies of democrats.
The irony of fascism is that its recognized hostility to multiculturalism
gives it a genuinely cross-cultural appeal. Fascism is equally accessible to
Chinese leaders seeking an integrative nationalist ideology in the waning days
of communism, to Hutu leaders pursuing tribal dominance, to Russian and Hindu
ultra-nationalists to Iraqi Baathists, to Austrian neo-fascists; and to U.S.
militiamen, skinheads, and racists.
The most pressing need at the moment is to acknowledge the global nature of
the problem and ensure that policy-makers are properly informed about it. This
will stimulate debate that takes account of the regional diversity and
differing implications of the challenges fascism poses. And from this will
come a better perspective for framing practical public-policy decisions that
reflect the U.S.'s strategic interests, democratic values, humanitarian
concerns, and commercial goals.

The author is director of the Program for the Study of Contemporary Fascism
and Democracy at the Balkan Institute, Washington D.C.





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