The recommendations suggested in this study are based on the presumption that funding for the program is available to provide continual support for the duration of reconstruction. However, the actual financial situation is insecure. At present capital, is provided by a series of donors and directed to individual development projects around the city (Craig 1998 pers. comm.). As the program to date is on a piecemeal basis, and there is as yet no citywide planning policy, lack of money has no significant effect on the future of the city plan.

However, unless it is well planned, "ad hoc" development promotes the creation of an urban structure that lacks continuity. The result could be city development led by a number of different organisations that work independently over time and produce buildings and spaces that are not woven into the city fabric. UNESCO has stated that the lack of co-ordination so far has hampered the reconstruction process (D’Erm 1997). This demonstrates the imperative that a landscape strategy and framework is needed to provide a vertebra on to which new development can be attached.

Fielden (1985) suggests that a single organisation with the backing of several private companies should be the main coordinator for entire rebuilding projects. Its main role should be financing the construction of the public domain of footpaths, streets and open space, but it should also be responsible for the pursuit of international financial interest for the entire project. This generates the necessary stimulus to initiate projects that could bring money and employment back to the area. New industry can be encouraged to relocate through incentives and grants designed to bring permanent sources of outside income into the city. The reinstatement of the city’s economy at an early stage reduces the reliance on foreign income and creates a firm local financial base upon which the city can thrive once construction is completed (Fielden 1985). The solution of forming a central agency such as Beirut’s Solidere is one that could be applied to Sarajevo, for it has many advantages.

Before detailed planning can begin, it is important to identify the sources and extent of income for the program. This can begin with coordination of the numerous cottage industries that thrived in the city centre before the war began, followed by the restoration of former large industries of the area, such as the tobacco factory and brewery, both of which were originally sited just outside of the city centre. Regional industries included in the program would be the car production plant at Vogasca, the precision instrument plants and the engine production facilities.

The building of a sustainable city from Sarajevo’s ruins will have a substantial effect. With the economy in such a fragile state, any opportunity of cost reduction in the redevelopment process will be of great benefit to the country. The notion of sustainability offers the chance to conserve the nation’s limited capital while providing a healthier physical and social environment. The concept of the compact city is designed to reintroduce a split community, originally conceived for cities that have suffered prolonged urban sprawl. However, the same principles can be applied to a population fragmented by conflict, encouraging face to face contact and interaction by condensing the vigour of human activity (Rogers 1997).

Sarajevo’s urban structure should be redesigned to promote a dense, community-based city, while remaining true to the historic core of the town. To achieve this, the first principle of sustainability is applied: reducing the dominance of the car in inner city areas and promoting the use of public transport. For the present, this policy will serve Sarajevo well. Since the siege those citizens that remain do not have cars nor the money to buy them even if they were available. This provides the opportunity to make a change in the bias of the city’s communication network; Sarajevo lends itself well to this alteration in road use, because of the trams that used to operate around the city. These can be restored and the network extended to cover the various city neighbourhoods reaching a level that ensures a terminal within at least a quarter of a mile from any residential areas. This form of electric light railway is a more cost-effective method than fuelled buses that have a smaller carrying capacity but have the disadvantage of harmful emissions. For outlying areas of town, personal transport and buses will be necessary but locating new housing development as close to the centre as possible ensures this is kept to a minimum.

With everyday car use reduced, space formerly taken up by roads can be given over to a public domain that is designed for the pedestrian. The historic centre will benefit most from this change, allowing the almost organic nature of the street network to become less congested and return to its original use as a public meeting place (Bertram 1997).

More land can also be given to the provision of open space, in the form of a small network of "pockets parks" similar to those which have been created in Beirut. These will come from the sites left behind by demolished buildings or the areas created by the removal of roads, and will be small oases in the urban environment acting as green lungs for the city and quiet locations for relaxation and recreation. An example is the waterfront along the Miljacka River, which could be pedestrianised to form a walkway similar in usage to the Ramblas, Barcelona’s vibrant meeting place and cultural centre. This can be lined with shops, restaurants, bars and café’s and redevelopment which recreates aspects of the international architecture that existed prior to the war.

Sustainability extends to the architecture of the city both in restoration and the design of new buildings. The various high rise blocks that currently stand as skeletons on Sarajevo’s skyline can be converted, where viable, to multi-use buildings. Originally designed as either office blocks or residential apartments, these can now be redesigned to accommodate living quarters, businesses, and shops. This reduces the need to travel, since all services are provided in close proximity to each other. These living arrangements have the advantage of sharing surplus energy. Hot air generated from offices is a constant problem mainly caused by computers and artificial lighting, which can be overcome when distributed to warm living quarters in the building. It is conceivable that Ivan Straus’s "Twins" (Chaslin, 1994), along with many other buildings in the modern areas of the city could be adapted to this form of land use.

New architecture can incorporate technological advances in the effective use and conservation of power. Housing with solar panels can be introduced, an effective method of generating domestic power, while also making use of passive solar gain. This allows sunlight access to all parts of the house, both warming it and lighting it all year round, consequently reducing the need and cost of artificial warmth and illumination.

Effective use of the power in Sarajevo is important, since the economy is weak and Sarajevan winters are particularly harsh. It is therefore worthwhile to concentrate on the main source of power for the city, the thermal plant situated to the west of Sarajevo. With power plants such as these, hot water becomes the by-product of the electricity generation process. France has learned to make use of this opportunity by piping local residential areas with free hot water, an idea that can be transferred to Sarajevo with ease.

The use of exhaustible fuel resources can be reduced by thirty per cent with the burning of the city’s waste, a process that can supply thirty per cent of the city’s power while solving the problem of waste disposal. Human waste can also be dealt with if treated and compacted to manufacture fuel pellets and burnt in the production of electricity.

The creation of Sarajevo as a sustainable city will speed the process of recovery. The expenses of implementing these policies, though costly in the short term, will have considerable benefit in the long term. Sarajevo has a rare opportunity at present, since many cities are striving to accomplish projects but do not have the space available to make such changes.

The studies of Beirut, Coventry and the theories of Craig, Rogers and Woods have shown that achieving the correct balance between new development and the restoration of the character is essential in rebuilding. If there is too much emphasis on modern architecture it is entirely possible that the city will become aesthetically unfashionable and outdated in years to come. However, too great a significance placed on the history and pre-war conditions of the city can prove harmful to a grieving community if it is a denial of the fact that conflict has occurred.

The balance is different with each city. Significant factors such as culture, heritage and the proposed extent of development influence the composition of the reconstruction (Bianca 1991). Sarajevo’s rich heritage and mixed culture show that there may be a predisposition towards the reproduction of the historic character of the city centre. Landscape Architecture’s involvement in the restoration process is significant. The city’s strong Turkish culture has left Sarajevans with a community-led lifestyle that is conducted within the public domain of streets and open spaces. It is therefore not only important to reinstate the thoroughfares, parks, bazaars and market places but also to include new locations that will further encourage the public to interact.

The built environment frames the public domain. Its form influences the experience of external spaces, the creation and preservation of the city’s character and traditional street pattern can only be achieved through the application of guidelines designed to control the extent of building development (Gavin 1997). Where possible, restoration should be undertaken to retain much of the original urban fabric of the city. Particular emphasis must be placed on Sarajevo’s remaining landmark buildings, historic parks and market places to accomplish a reinforced cultural identity. Renovation should also be controlled in order to achieve a consistent level of quality across the city and faithful reproduction of the original elements.

New buildings should be designed to fulfil agreed criteria with regard to the three dimensional aspect of construction. Each development requires maximum construction height, build-to lines and facade controls that directly correspond to the character of the immediate context. Much of the new construction should be designed to correlate with the varied origins of heritage, offering new interpretations of old architecture (Fielden 1985). In other areas, such as the business district and residential areas, there is the opportunity to produce more creative and experimental architecture. Current foreign interest from well-known architects can develop on the city’s reputation for interesting and varied architecture spanning from the oriental era through to contemporary construction. The transformation of Sarajevo will arouse foreign interest in the city, promoting inward investment and encouraging the tourist industry.

For effective rebuilding to take place it is important that the community can accept all aspects of a new Sarajevo and maintain a familiarity with the re-creation of the old character. The blend is important and difficult to achieve, and it is therefore important to involve the public at all stages of development. The resulting image of Sarajevo will be a reflection of the past but incorporating many modern aspects.

The reconstruction of Sarajevo is on such a scale that a controlling element on the extent of development is required. This can be accomplished through the implementation of a Landscape Framework, a method of tying the urban structure together and ensuring continuity throughout the city. The urban landscape is an essential component of the city’s fabric and it is the responsibility of the Landscape Architect whose role is to design and form the overall image of the city. This is similar to the Goodman Brothers' concept of a "community plan" being not just a layout of streets and houses but "the external form given to human activity" (Ward 1991). For Sarajevo this will be achieved through the design of the public realm, involving the planning of important links, open spaces, parks, cemeteries and roads. Much of this involves the restoration of existing public areas, but the war has provided scope to introduce new locations that were not available in prewar Sarajevo.

In the rebuilding of Sarajevo a network of pedestrian links and public parks would present a dual purpose. First there is their role in the maintenance of a sustainable city. The links provide extensive circulation throughout the city without the need for car use, a significant feature in the principles of sustainability and the creation of a compact city. The park vegetation encourages the circulation of cool air within the city environment, reducing heat levels, absorbing carbon dioxide fumes and dampening noise levels.

Secondly the location of parks and links restores the community’s traditional use of the public domain by reducing vehicle use within the city centre. This yields more venues for public gatherings and events.

The parks of Sarajevo that existed before the war should be restored as much as possible. They present an important part of Sarajevo’s heritage and culture, some dating back to the Austro-Hungarian period. They are limited in number and it is important that the restoration of these spaces should replicate the former designs and character of the parks rather than adapt new ideas. However, the high number of bodies buried in these locations presents a significant constraint. During the siege the cemeteries outside of the city became unsafe places for funerals, forcing Sarajevan’s to search for available spaces within the city to bury their dead. It is a symbol of the community’s desperation that some of Sarajevo’s most valuable places, including the Olympic playing fields were pressed into service as graveyards. The city’s open spaces are now almost exclusively taken up by gravesites and this presents a problem in the reconstruction of the city.

It is natural that the community wishes to preserve these sites as graveyards, preferring to honour the dead in the traditional manner. This mourning process should be encouraged and those killed in the war respected, but a city comprised largely of cemeteries may prove harmful in the long run. To retain these areas as sacred ground prevents Sarajevan’s from escaping the tragedy created by the siege. Such constant reminders will discourage the collective memory of the community from fading and the siege mentality of the population will be maintained.

With space so limited in the centre of Sarajevo it is necessary to try and develop these cemeteries in a way that promotes everyday public use but does not destroy the sense of memorial place. However, this is a most sensitive issue and requires public participation to achieve solutions that respond to the wishes of the community. To develop these areas there are three possible solutions which work together to meet the requirements of the community while answering the need for open space within Sarajevo– preservation, adaptation and forestation.

The first, preservation, allows specific sites to maintain their current role. But, these sites will require substantial treatment by Landscape Architects because at present they are little more than hastily prepared and unplanned burial sites. In the design of these spaces it will be important to introduce elements that complement this environment, provoking memory, contemplation, peace and privacy.

The second proposal recommends cemeteries for adaptation and reintroduction as public open space. This is probably the most sensitive of the three solutions because it requires a change of land use that may be deemed inappropriate by the community. However, the city needs areas where people can interact and the development of these areas can be accomplished in a respectful way that maintains a sense of commemoration. Certain sites may be more appropriate than others, particularly the sites that consist largely of shallow graves. An option is to conduct a program of reburial, but a more effective solution is to cover the area with the fill extracted from construction sites around the city. This presents an opportunity to shape and mould the landscape in these areas, providing a blend of wide-open space suitable for recreation, as well as more intimate places that reflect the need for privacy. The Olympic Site is a possible location that could benefit from such change, restoring some areas of the site to their original use while giving other areas over to remembrance. Another example would be the park located adjacent to the art pavilion in the city centre, which could be partly restored to its original shape and form.

The third form of treatment can be applied to the cemeteries situated in the outer fringes and residential areas of the city, such as those in the Sedrenik and Souk Bunar areas of the city. These sites can remain as graveyards and can be complemented by the planting of woodland around them, undergoing an afforestation program designed to reintroduce native species to the city. Currently Sarajevo suffers from a lack of trees and vegetation, a consequence of shell damage and removal by the community to provide fuel during the winter months and wood for coffins. The eventual effect will be similar to that achieved in Stockholm’s Woodland Cemetery, where the site has been densely planted and plots arranged between the trees. This creates a unique atmosphere of privacy and refuge, while having the advantage of providing the city with an urban woodland park. The development of these sites is likely to stimulate a degree of resistance from the community but it is perhaps part of the Landscape Architect’s responsibility to encourage forward thinking and the recognition that the retention of cemeteries may prove harmful to the urban fabric of the city in the long run.

Even with the restoration of existing parks Sarajevo still suffers from a lack of open space. This is the case in many other cities (Pollard 1997). The aftermath of the siege presents the opportunity to rectify this situation by developing bombsites, where the ruins of buildings are too damaged to undergo restoration. The city is affluent with ideal locations for a network of pocket parks that can provide a variety of facilities for different ages throughout the city. Residential neighbourhoods can be supplied with new recreational areas while the city centre can be awarded new public squares; market places and parks to replace those destroyed in the war. There is also the opportunity to provide a series of commemorative gardens and spaces replacing the traditional monuments, stimulating the memory of those killed in the war but also serving a functional purpose. The selection of these spaces can be made through the identification of important events that occurred during the war. An example would be the attack on the open-air market in the city centre, one of the low points of the war. This area along with others could receive treatment to restore its place in the city, but designed in such a way as to create a sense of rich space through the selection of materials and placement of plants and trees. The same principles can be applied to the Avde Hodzica, known throughout the war as "Sniper Alley". This is the main arterial road connecting old town Sarajevo with the industrial quarter and in prewar conditions was an impressive boulevard lined with trees. This effect can be reinstated and adapted to provoke remembrance of the many that died attempting to traverse the city.

The provision of rich spaces such as these throughout the city ensures that moving around the city produces a number of encounters that can be immediately recognised as places significant to the heritage of the Sarajevo and its people.

The Landscape Framework will ensure that the design of a new public realm restores and accentuates the role of vegetation in an urban environment. The creation of a new planting policy for the city can take the opportunity to provide continuity throughout the city while restocking Sarajevo’s tree population. The choice of species should favour indigenous species to create recognition and connection with the past.

The siege has been responsible for destroying the country’s morale. It is important to restore the population’s self-confidence. The conflict also produced disharmony within a community that was formerly tolerant of a multiethnic population. In the aftermath of the war this is still very much in evidence, as there are frequent arguments between minorities about the form and location of development (Craig 1997 pers. com.). Through the design of an extensive public realm the Landscape Architect can provide an environment in the city that will contribute to the healing process and achieve a new sense of tolerance and public confidence. The creation of a pedestrian orientated society encourages daily face to face contact between ethnic minorities, frequent interaction in the streets, market places, squares and parks, which will invoke the collective recollection of Sarajevo’s liberal society. It is important for the people of Sarajevo to have access to a variety of open spaces. It has been shown that large informal areas of urban landscape encourage positive attitudes, and improve mental health. The feelings generated by activity in these locations will promote a greater sense of community, improving social cohesion that will contribute substantially to the healing process (Pollard 1997). Public transport policy enforces this, discouraging the dominance of the car in favour of the public tram system, encouraging the community to mix in the course of every day life.

Tolerance cannot be developed independently, it requires stimulation. This can be achieved from an early stage of development. Community involvement throughout the reconstruction process is the key to providing a renewed sense of cooperation in Sarajevo. This allows the population, through the Landscape Architect, to realise their visions for a new Sarajevo. This spirit of collaboration continues through to the stages of construction and extends to its completion, encouraging the people to help themselves by rebuilding and maintaining their own city, promoting the perception of ownership of the public realm.

The answer to continued peace in Sarajevo lies in provision for future generations, in particular the younger members of today’s Sarajevan community. It is important that those growing up in the city are instilled with the sense of tolerance that their parents will have to learn. The Landscape Framework caters for this, since the streets and parks can be perceived as places of escape and socialising, the "youthful equivalent of the dining rooms of the chattering classes" (Prasad 1998), and the tram system provides cheap and safe access to the city centre for them. New generations can live in an environment of reconciliation, growing up without the prejudices that were rekindled during the conflict.