SECOND DRAFT
Proposed Book
"Electronic Global University System and Services"
To be published by
Idea-Group Publishing Company
Harrisburg, PA
(In negotiation)
July 28, 1998
Takeshi Utsumi, Ph.D.
Laureate of Lord Perry Award for Excellence in Distance Education
Founder, Consortium for Affordable and Accessible Distance Education (CAADE)
President, Global University in the U.S.A. (GU/USA)
A Divisional Activity of GLOSAS/USA
(GLObal Systems Analysis and Simulation Association in the U.S.A.)
43-23 Colden Street, Flushing, NY 11355-3998, U.S.A.
Tel: 718-939-0928; Fax: 718-939-0656 (day time only--prefer email)
Mailto: utsumi@columbia.edu
(Note: Some of hypertexted diagrams and news clippings
are not in high resolution, since they are scanned images.
Those images with green border
are not linked.
One page image is for presentation and double page one is for reading.
Please feel free to send me your
comments. Thanks.)
Part 1
GLOSAS ACTIVITIES
Chapter 1
PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS
ON THE INCEPTIONS OF
PEACE GAMING AND GLOBAL UNIVERSITY SYSTEM
1 Computer Simulation and Gaming 1.1 Calculators 1.2 Digital computer 1.3 Slow-time analog computer 1.4 Repetitive analog computer 1.5 Continuous system simulation languages 1.6 Global time-sharing services 1.7 Hybrid computer 1.8 Dumb terminal with monitor 1.9 All-in-one approach 1.10 Summer Computer Simulation Conference 1.11 War and peace gamings 1.12 E-mail through global time-sharing service network 1.13 Idea of globally distributed computer simulation system 2 Packet-switching data communication network 2.1 Failed effort to extend ARPANET to Japan 2.2 Inception of global peace gaming 2.3 E-mail as message exchange via computer 2.4 U.S.-Japan Energy, Resources and Environment (ERE) peace gaming 2.5 Wireless data telecommunications 3 Extension of U.S. packet-switching data telecommunication to Japan 3.1 Inauguration of commercial packet-switching service in the U.S. 3.2 Effort of extending U.S. VANs to overseas 3.3 Battle to inaugurate KDD's ICAS data telecommunication service 3.4 Prohibition of the use of e-mail 3.5 De-regulation of the Japanese telecommunications policy for the use of e-mail through the U.S. government 3.6 Extension of NSF's CSNET to Japan 3.7 Electronic Information Exchange System (EIES) 3.8 Distance learning with EIES 3.9 Marketing of U.S. software 3.10 Marketing of HEP 3.11 De-regulation for the use of receive-only antenna 3.12 Remarks REFERENCES INSERTIONS (Images, graphs and diagrams, etc.)
PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS
ON THE INCEPTIONS OF
PEACE GAMING AND GLOBAL UNIVERSITY SYSTEM
2
Packet-switching data communication network
In the summer of 1972 in Tokyo, I had an occasion to meet Carl
Hammer, Director of Computer Science of UNIVAC in Washington, D.C. [27]. He invited me with funds from the U.S. National
Science Foundation to present a paper about our GLOSAS project at the first
International Conference on Computer Communications (ICCC) held in Washington
Hilton Hotel in October, 1972 -- that was my first public presentation of
the project.
At this conference, I saw two technological advancements; one was the demonstration
of ARPANET, though it was still primitive with 64 or so participating universities
around the U.S. [28], and the other was EMISARI computer-mediated conferencing
(CMC) system which later became the Electronic Information Exchange System
(EIES) of New Jersey Institute of Technology -- more later.
The ARPANET (Maps of ARPANET) was a narrow-band (64 Kbps) data communication
network which was based on packet-switching technology invented by Paul
Baran at Rand Corporation in Santa Monica, California (Malik, R., September 8, 1977). John Postel of the University
of Southern California constructed the so-called TCP/IP protocol. Paul Baran
and John Postel were true founding fathers of the packet-switching data
communication networks which is now called as Internet.
2.1 Failed
effort to extend ARPANET to Japan
I thought this ARPANET could be utilized for global peace gaming, and started
working on to extend it to Japan. This was also because I heard that it
had already been extended to the U.K. (actually via Western Union International's
satellite link to Norway and from Norway to the U.K. via undersea cable)
[29]. I visited ARPA and BBN many times [30], and also tried to persuade Bob Kahn (successor
to Larry Roberts for the ARPANET) when he visited Tokyo. My efforts were
in vain everywhere I visited. I later learned that the reason why it was
extended to Norway was to detect the seismic wave of the underground nuclear
testing in Soviet Union [31]. I also later learned that the reason why nobody
was interested in extending it to Japan was due to the fact that Japan was
an island and thus was not suitable to effectively detect the seismic wave
of the underground explosion from Soviet Union -- I later found that there
was a node of the ARPANET in Seoul, Korea, to which Japanese governmental
research labs were connected via terrestrial line, and then to access ARPANET
via satellite from Seoul. Japanese universities were also anti-militarism
so that none of them were interested to do anything with the U.S. Defense
Department.
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2.2 Inception of global peace gaming
After attending the 1972 SCSC in San Diego, California, I visited Bob Noel of the Political Science Department of the University of California at Santa Barbara. A conference room had a wall-size world map with an American flag standing by. It was as if a situation room of a governmental agency. The adjacent room was a control room with a short-wave radio which could receive world news instantaneously. The room's wall adjacent to the conference room had a glass window from which they could video tape the activities of the conference. Dr. Noel was conducting a political gaming simulation on international affairs using ARPANET [32], by assigning several different schools to act as the governments of the United States, Soviet Union, Japan, China, etc. Students had to study about the assigned countries before the start of the game.
I asked him who was acting for Japan. He said the University of Southern California. So I said to him, "However hard Americans may study about Japan, they cannot think as Japanese, since they eat stake with a knife and fork while Japanese eat noodles with chopsticks." So I proposed that he invite the University of Tokyo to play the role of the Japanese government. During my conversation with Bob Noel I also proposed him that all participating game players should have their systems dynamics type computer simulation model test and predict their proposed policies so that they could make quantitative discussions basing on reliable facts and figures [33].
Jay Forrester of M.I.T. once said that the primary purpose of systems dynamics simulation is NOT for its prediction/forecasting, but for the clearer understanding of such interdependent relationship of social factors. I thought that this, with scientific and rational analysis and critical thinking, ought to be the basic principle of global education for peace (Millennium Institute) [34].
This
was when the original idea of Globally Collaborative Peace Gaming was born
-- more later -- (Nikkei Shimbun, November 4, 1973), -- and my inquiries
to Bob Noel were based on the words John McLeod once mentioned that the
first step of simulation was to make simulation exercise as close to the
simuland (i.e., the target to simulate) as possible [35], since simulation projects often consume huge
resources.
In the spring of 1973, I conducted the world-first global "Peace
Gaming" with Bob Noel with the use of e-mail over computer networks.
I invited the University of Tokyo and he invited the University of Brussels
and the University of London in addition to several universities in the
U.S. It was a "normative" gaming as exchanging diplomatic e-mail
messages without the use of quantitative computer simulation models. American
universities sent their messages through ARPANET and overseas universities
through GEISCO. Students acted as if the heads of states and cabinet members
of assigned countries. All messages were accumulated and re-distributed
by a node at the University of California in Santa Barbara. The scenario
designed by Bob Noel assumed an international crisis with a border incident
between Iran and Iraq -- which actually happened about 10 years later <Utsumi,
T. and A. Garzon, 1991>. Japan team sent their messages to the
United Nations team asking to make the Straights of Maracca an international
zone to secure oil flow from the Middle East to Japan, asked the U.S. and
Soviet Union teams to withdraw their navy fleets from the Pacific and Indian
Oceans respectively [36].
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2.3 E-mail as
message exchange via computer
A few weeks later, a salesman of GEISCO came to my office and asked to terminate
this exciting global gaming upon instruction of KDD. Another few weeks later,
however, the same salesman of GEISCO handed me an e-mail message from a
Norwegian in Oslo (who was one of the team members of the "Limit to
Growth" project at M.I.T.). The e-mail asked me the name and address
of the person who installed DYNAMO simulation language in the GEISCO time-sharing
service mainframe computer in Cleveland, Ohio [37]. Upon my insistence, the salesman explained that
our gaming simulation had to be stopped due to the Japanese telecommunications
regulations, which strictly prohibited the message exchange through a computer
without changing its contents -- more later, -- though such message exchange
was performed by the node at Bob Noel's office in Santa Barbara, California,
which was clearly outside of the Japanese judicial domain [38]. On the other hand, his e-mail from Norway was
permissible because it was transmitted by a salesman of GEISCO in Oslo to
him in Tokyo -- both were in the same organization. I thought that this
was patently unfair, and this triggered my deregulation efforts on the use
of e-mail [39] -- more later.
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2.4
U.S.-Japan Energy, Resources and Environment (ERE) peace gaming
In 1974, NSF indicated a grant (about $150,000) possibility to our American
counterparts (Oregon State University and Bettelle Northwest Lab) and the
Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) a grant (about
$320,000) to the Japan Team of GLOSAS/JAPAN Association at Mitsubishi Research
Institute for our conducting a U.S.-Japan Energy, Resources and Environment
(ERE) peace gaming with a joint simulation model in a host computer of GEISCO
in Cleveland, OH <Utsumi, T. and E. A. Eschbach, 1974>. Since I
could not stay with Mitsubishi, this project was not materialized [40].
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2.5 Wireless data telecommunications
In 1973, I created GLOSAS/JAPAN (Dr. Schun-ichi Uchida, former president
of Tokyo Institute of Technology as its Chairman, Mr. Jiro Yoshikuni, former
vice minister of finance as its Vice Chairman, and I as its Technical Director).
One day, I visited the headquarter of Chichibu Cement Company in Tokyo and witnessed their videophone via microwave between the headquarter and their plant which was located about 150 miles north of Tokyo. The plant was in a remote area surrounded by the mountains. It took almost 6 hours by train for their staffs to visit it from Tokyo office. Albeit very expensive set up, this saved considerable time and money for their business.
On this visit, I found a transceiver on their roof top which was about to be discarded. I asked them why. They replied that its frequency had to be moved to other location, since the administration of Advanced Technology Satellite-I (ATS-I) of NASA was about to be transferred to the research laboratory of Nippon Telegraph and Telecommunications (NTT) due to its wobbling by the depletion of its fuel and hence drifted to the west of the Pacific area. The frequency of ATS-I was the same as the one Chichibu was using.
I then arranged for their donation of the transceiver to the University of Electro Communications in Tokyo, since they were about to start their link with the Aloha project at the University of Hawaii. They sent their instructional data to Hawaii via telex, and received the computer output via ATS-I with the use of large Yagi antenna.
I later visited Norman Abramson, who originated Aloha project as adapting the packet switching technology for wireless data communications -- he was the inventer of wireless Internet. He showed me his experimental setup which was regularly receiving weather data from the top of Diamond Head of Oahu Island to his office through clear line-of-sight. He later agreed to be one of the advisors of my profit-oriented Global Information Services, Inc. which was established in 1977 in New York.
Late Professor Juro Oizumi of Tohoku University (a renown wireless telecommunications expert) was helping the people at the University of Electro-Communications. He was surprised to learn that Norman Abramson was experimenting the transmission of data embedded into a voice communication channel -- which is a norm nowadays (like computer-mediated multimedia system, e.g., ShareVision -- more later). He told me that the Japanese government which controlled monopolistic telecommunication industries would never allow it even as an experiment, since their mind was totally dominated with the concept of circuit-switching technology -- more later.
Around that time also, Oizumi's group was also testing a very interesting
way of data telecommunications. They mounted a transceiver and antenna on
an automobile and investigated reflection of microwave by buildings and
city noises in Tokyo, albeit very slow speed at that time [41].
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